It is produced exclusively as a metal powder which is then solidified by sintering and/or melting. We used XRD to characterize nano-W powders (99.9%; grain sizes: 10 nm and 50 nm; Renxin Metal Materials, China) and micro-W powder (99.9%; grain size: 1, High-pressure experiments were carried out using a DAC with 300-. for strains below 0.5/sup 0///sub 0/. A. P. Hammersley, S. O. Svensson, M. Hanfland, A. N. Fitch, and D. Hausermann, , Two-dimensional detector software: From real detector to idealised image or two-theta scan, 20. Good rigidity, high compressive strength, can be used for grinding tools. Cyclic tests (Bauschinger tests) were conducted at 77/sup 0/K and at room temperature on the fibre-reinforced material of single crystal Cu with long W-fibres of diameter 20..mu..m and volume fractions up to 4/sup 0///sub 0/. The FWHMs of the (110), (200), and (211) diffraction peaks of the 10-nm, 50-nm, and 1, The diffraction-line profiles from the samples exhibit broadening under nonhydrostatic compression. Compressive strength is higher than virtually all melted and cast or forged metals and alloys. The shear modulus of elasticity of Tungsten is 161 GPa. It scores lower on the Mohs scale of hardness, though. I. Summary Composition of Tungsten Carbide 4, pp. M. A. Meyers, A. Mishra, and D. J. Benson, , Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials, Hardening by annealing and softening by deformation in nanostructured metals, 11. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness,. Basic characteristics of cemented carbide: 1. This strain for yield is lower than the unhindered relaxation in the dispersion-hardened material Cu-SiO/sub 2/. There was a problem adding this item to Cart. The line widths are corrected for each pressure run to plot (2. Compressive strength measures the amount of squeezing stress that will cause defects. . The mean stress was measured independently, and was found to be a unique function of the numerical applied strain, both at 77/sup 0/K and at room temperature. By continuing to browse this site you agree to our use of cookies. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! Tensile Strength: Ultimate (UTS) 350 MPa 50 x 103 psi Thermal Properties Maximum Temperature: Mechanical 1000 C 1830 F Specific Heat Capacity 280 J/kg-K 0.066 BTU/lb-F Thermal Conductivity 85 W/m-K 49 BTU/h-ft-F Thermal Expansion 5.4 m/m-K Other Material Properties Density 15 g/cm3 910 lb/ft3 Electrical Resistivity Order of Magnitude What Role Will The IoT Play In The Electric Vehicle Industry. Tungsten is a rare metal found on Earth in the form of chemical compounds. Please use a different way to share. The high-pressure. mechanochemistry and its applications for creating a sustainable future. Compressive strength is higher than virtually all melted and cast or forged metals and alloys. With temperature increase to 1400F, tungsten carbide retains much of its room temperature hardness. 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Hardness of Tungsten Our experimental results show (i) a greatly enhanced yield strength for the W samples by reducing the grain size and (ii) that the HP effect does not break down even at the nanoscale. Compressive Strength (20 o C): 166,753 psi. Modulus of Elasticity of Tungsten The Young's modulus of elasticity of Tungsten is 750 MPa. Tungsten is used, in wire form, extensively for lighting, electronic devices, and thermocouples. 11. Tungsten and its alloys have typical yield strengths from 300 to 1,000 Mpa and tensile strengths from 500 to 1,050 Mpa. Inst. Although the cathode is commonly changed, carbon allotropes can also be employed in fabricating anodes. It is used for lamp filaments, x-ray targets, aerospace applications and heating elements. Please make sure that you are posting in the form of a question. Metals 33: 1171-5(Oct 1969). A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. Tungsten compounds are used for cutting tools, high temperature lubricants etc. The source-shortening stress was estimated as the difference between the total stress and the mean stress; empirical equations showed a dependence on strain to the power /sup 1///sub 2/ and on volume fraction plus a constant; these features are not included in the simple model which however predicts numerical values of the correct order of magnitude. We are sorry. Lab. In recent years, the IoT is rapidly being introduced into almost all sectors, but it has particular importance in the EV industry. When the flow stops and reaches equilibrium, complex stresses are established that are considered as a superposition of a macroscopic differential stress and a microscopic deviatoric stress. pure Cu, and they were constant within the experimental limits. High hardness and high wear resistance 2. The primary distinction between graphene-based batteries and solid-state batteries lies in the composition of either electrode. Shimadzus EDX-7200 is the leader of the EDX series, providing high speed, sensitivity and precision. 1996-2022, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates, Tungsten Steel Strip High Compressive Strength Tungsten Steel Rod Cemented Carbide Bar,for Grinding Tools. The dynamic compressive mechanical properties of this BMGC were also systematically investigated by split Hopkinson pressure bar technique. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. These tests enabled two important contributions to the total strength of the unrelaxed material, the mean stress and the source-shortening stress, to be determined. Tungsten is a refractory metal, a group that includes niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and rhenium, so-called because of their high melting temperatures and low vapor pressures. TESCAN launches its brand-new TENSOR system, a dedicated, near-UHV 4-STEM for multimodal characterization of nanoscale particles. Scheele discovered "Tungsten" in 1781; however, it took 150 years more before the efforts of Scheele and his successors led to the use of tungsten carbide in the industry. . ); (United States). At larger strains, about 0.5/sup 0///sub 0/ at 77/sup 0/K and 0.4/sup 0///sub 0/ at room temperature, irreversible relaxation of Cu W was initiated by yield of the fibers. Compressive stress - stain curves were produced for all specimens and analyzed for 0.2% offset strength as well as 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0% offset strengths. But in terms of impact strength, tungsten is weak it's a brittle metal known to shatter on impact. Particle size, micro-strains, and instrumental factors are among the major sources of diffraction-line broadening. High quality Perfect Finish Tungsten Carbide Seat High Compressive Strength Extreme Hardness from China, China's leading Tungsten Carbide Valve Seats product market, With strict quality control Tungsten Carbide Valve Seats factories, Producing high quality Perfect Finish Tungsten Carbide Seat High Compressive Strength Extreme Hardness products. The crystallographic features were found to have only a minor influence on the mean stress. L. Xiong, B. Li, Y. Tang, Q. Li, J. Hao, L. Bai, Radial X-ray diffraction study of the static strength and texture of tungsten to 96 GPa, 26. There was a problem completing your request. Spiral shape design, excellent workmanship and good stability. For this purpose, pads of various materials, such as Teflon and filter paper impregnated with paraffin, metals of having a lower yield strength than the tested on are placed between the loading surfaces and faces of the specimen. Amazon has encountered an error. Crystal Structure: Body-centered cubic ( phase), Boiling Point: 5900 oC (range of 5700 oC + 200 oC), Electrical Resistivity (20 oC): 5.5 /cm, Temperature Coefficient of the Electrical Resistivity: 482 10-5 /K, Temperature of Superconductivity: 0.016 K, Tensile Strength (20 oC): Sheet Thickness psi, Compressive Strength (20 oC): 166,753 psi, Modulus of Elasticity (20 oC): 59,450 103 psi, Transition Temperature (Brittle/Ductile): 100 oC - 400 oC, Temperature Coefficient of the Electrical Resistivity. 1. The strengths were observed to decrease with higher temperatures, but appeared to be on a plateau at 50 ksi (345 MPa) in the temperature range of 1200 to 2200 deg F (650 to 1200 deg C) . The deviatoric strain is derived from the slope of the straight lines in Eq. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF REINFORCED COPPER--TUNGSTEN FIBER MATERIAL. In this paper, the accurately and in-situ measurement of plastic mechanical properties of 93 W-4.5Ni-2.5Fe alloy spheres with 1 mm are achieved. Note: This paper is part of the Special Issue on High Pressure Science. Tungsten Carbide Material Properties Hard and rigid yet has very high impact resistance and high strength and higher compressive strength than all known melted, cast and forged metals and alloys. Three tungsten powder samplesone coarse grained (c-W; grain size: 1. Hardening in two-phase materials. Tungsten Steel Strip High Compressive Strength Tungsten Steel Rod Cemented Carbide Bar,for Grinding Tools - - Amazon.com With temperature increase to 1400F, tungsten carbide retains much of its room temperature hardness. Resistant to heat and oxidation with low temperature resistance. The average yield strength of individual grains of W was measured by using synchrotron AXRD measurements under nonhydrostatic compression. X. Zhou, Z. Feng, L. Zhu, J. Xu, L. Miyagi, H. Dong, High-pressure strengthening in ultrafine-grained metals. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE ASPECT RATIO OF FIBERS AND TENSILE STRENGTH IN TUNGSTEN-FIBER-REINFORCED ALUMINUM COMPOSITES. Its high melting point makes it especially well-suited for structural applications exposed to very high temperatures. The resulting alloy is 2-3 times as rigid as steel and has a compressive strength surpassing all known melted, cast, and forged metals. The cyclic hardening rates were large compared to, e.g. V.P., and Litoshenko, N.V., Strength of polycrystalline tungsten monocarbide under tension, Strength Mater., 2003, vol. The deformation and ageing of mild steel: III. A. D. Westwood, C. E. Murray, and I. C. Noyan, , In-situ study of dynamic structural rearrangements during stress relaxation, 16. Using highquality cemented carbide materials, high hardness and wear resistance. the stress-strain relationships in these metals generally have a strong temperature, strain-rate and orientation dependence, and also exhibit a tension-compression asymmetry due to their unusual slip behavior, i.e. Please try again later. If refined to its purest form, it has a hardness that exceeds that of most steels. The behaviour at room temperature for strains below 0.4/sup 0///sub 0/ was not in quantitative accord with the theory, and it is suggested that a reversible relaxation takes place by one or several hindered dislocation processes. R. J. Hemley, H. Mao, G. Shen, J. Badro, P. Gillet, M. Hanfland, and D. Hausermann, , X-ray imaging of stress and strain of diamond, iron, and tungsten at megabar pressures, Calibration of the ruby pressure gauge to 800 kbar under quasihydrostatic conditions, 19. . Spiral Tungsten Steel Bar: Can be regarded as an accessory of the end milling cutter, is used to inlay on the edge of the end milling cutter for cutting, can be understood that it can be embedded in the original edge of the end milling cutter and can be replaced. 387-394. Sorry, we were unable to perform your search at this time. Modulus of Elasticity of Pure Tungsten The Young's modulus of elasticity of Pure Tungsten is 750 GPa. Greatly improve the processing efficiency, suitable for side milling cutters. This data is provided subject to AZoM.com's terms and conditions. In this interview, AZoM speaks with Dr. Tanja Butt, Product Manager at Retsch, about Tungsten carbide has very high impact resistance and it has very high strength for a material so hard and rigid. Transition Temperature (Brittle/Ductile): 100 o C - 400 o C. Need Help . 2018YFA0305900). Please try again later. STRENGTH OF NICKEL REINFORCED BY TUNGSTEN FIBERS. As mentioned above, tungsten is the strongest of any natural metal (142,000 psi). Yield Strength of Pure Tungsten Yield strength of Pure Tungsten is 750 MPa. Find tips and inspiration for your home improvement projects. D. J. Weidner, Y. Wang, and M. T. Vaughan, , X-ray powder diffraction studies of vitromet samples, 24. Transl. High quality High Compressive Strength Carbide Tungsten Steel Non-Standard Shaped Parts from China, China's leading Carbide Mold product market, With strict quality control Carbide Mold factories, Producing high quality High Compressive Strength Carbide Tungsten Steel Non-Standard Shaped Parts products. Tungsten mine waste mud which was subjected to a thermal treatment, the fine aggregate which was crushed sand from the same mine, distilled water, the sodium hydroxide flakes, sodium silicate solution and calcium hydroxide were the materials used to produced geopolymeric compressive specimens using 505050 mm 3 cubic molds, according to ASTM C109. Tungsten Steel Bar Tungsten Steel Strip Widely Application High Compressive Strength Cemented Carbide Bar,for Processing Industry,for Grinding Tools - - Amazon.com By t - J. Jap. If you need an account, pleaseregister here. J. Hu, Y. N. Shi, X. Sauvage, G. Sha, and K. Lu, , Grain boundary stability governs hardening and softening in extremely fine nanograined metals, Stabilizing nanostructures in metals using grain and twin boundary architectures, A. H. Chokshi, A. Rosen, J. Karch, and H. Gleiter, , C. A. Schuh, T. G. Nieh, and T. Yamasaki, , M. A. Meyers, A. Mishra, and D. J. Benson, , X. Zhou, Z. Feng, L. Zhu, J. Xu, L. Miyagi, H. Dong, A. D. Westwood, C. E. Murray, and I. C. Noyan, , N. E. Christensen, A. L. Ruoff, and C. O. Rodriguez, , R. J. Hemley, H. Mao, G. Shen, J. Badro, P. Gillet, M. Hanfland, and D. Hausermann, , A. P. Hammersley, S. O. Svensson, M. Hanfland, A. N. Fitch, and D. Hausermann, , A. K. Singh, A. Jain, H. P. Liermann, and S. K. Saxena, , D. J. Weidner, Y. Wang, and M. T. Vaughan, , K. W. Katahara, M. H. Manghnani, and E. S. Fisher, , L. Xiong, B. Li, Y. Tang, Q. Li, J. Hao, L. Bai, J. Hu, Y. N. Shi, X. Sauvage, G. Sha, and K. Lu, , This option allows users to search by Publication, Volume and Page. We use the previously proposed theory of diffraction-line broadening for a deformed metal to analyze the high-pressure data. Current trends will likely shape the future of the industry, which is set to continue to show. The bulk modulus of elasticity of Tungsten is 310 GPa. The proposed method provides the most reliable values of the compressive strength of fiber composites in compression tests. The average static (~10^-1 s^-1) compressive strength of this boron carbide was determined to be 6.1 0.3 GPa, and the dynamic compression strength, up to a strain rate of 300 s^-1, was 6.2 0 . At the beginning of compression, the sample between the anvils is greatly deformed. The pressure evolution of the selected AXRD patterns of W with different grain sizes is shown in, Under nonhydrostatic compression conditions, the local deviatoric stress, which is from the mutual contact and extrusion between W grains, broadens the diffraction lines of the polycrystalline sample. When looking at titanium's density, with a pound-for-pound comparison, it beats tungsten. . Modulus of Elasticity (20 o C): 59,450 10 3 psi. N. E. Christensen, A. L. Ruoff, and C. O. Rodriguez, , Pressure strengthening: A way to multimegabar static pressures, 17. It has a metallic grey color, is brittle and hard to work. Ultimate Tensile Strength of Pure Tungsten Ultimate tensile strength of Pure Tungsten is 980 MPa. The composite exhibits a high ultimate strength of 2830 MPa and a large plasticity of 26% under quasi-static compression. In this interview, AZoM speaks with Greg Gargus from Guided Wave, to discuss the advances in hydrogen peroxide sterilant vapor monitoring. The 7200 can also provide support on the newest regulations for consumer and environmental issues. Eval. Tungsten carbide is an alloy of tungsten and carbon, made by heating tungsten powder with carbon and hydrogen at 1,400 - 1,600C (2,550 - 2,900F). More info. Tensile Strength: 370: 530: MPa: 53.664: 76.87: ksi: Young's Modulus: 600: 686: GPa: 87.0226: 99.4958: 10 6 psi: Glass Temperature: K F: Latent Heat of Fusion: 330: . Your question might be answered by sellers, manufacturers, or customers who bought this product. The above results show that the yield strength of 10-nm W increases by a factor of 2.5-fold compared to 1-3. tungsten carbide compressive strength wholesale, buy tungsten carbide compressive strength from 615 tungsten carbide compressive strength suppliers from China of page 4. The theory for the mean stress describes fairly accurately the behaviour at 77/sup 0/K. C. A. Schuh, T. G. Nieh, and T. Yamasaki, , HallPetch breakdown manifested in abrasive wear resistance of nanocrystalline nickel, A maximum in the strength of nanocrystalline copper, HallPetch relationship in pulsed-laser deposited nickel films, 9. Hara, A. and Miyake, M. Stadiees on the formation pr osess of tungsten carbide powder from . Full content visible, double tap to read brief content. In compression tests of normal constructional materials, in order to reduce the influence of the contact zones and provide a more uniform stressed state, a ratio of the height of the specimen to its diameter of greater than or equal to1 is recommended. The previously reported data on the relationship between strength and grain size from indentation or deformation experiments might be affected by the influence of bulk sample quality (porosity, impurities, graingrain binding, etc.). Resistance to deformation and deflection is high. Strength - Tungsten carbide has very high strength for a material so hard and rigid. The strength characteristics of incompressible materials (e.g., W and Re) are important for optimizing the design and operation of high-pressure equipment. - Journal of Materials (U.S.) Superseded by J. Item Type: Tungsten Steel BarMaterial: Cemented CarbideType: Side CutterCutting Edge Form: MillingSpiral Angle: 45 Degrees3663: 36 refers to the diameter 36 of the welding alloy end mill that can be welded, and 63 is the length of the spiral alloy strip (also called the blade length). High quality PM Tungsten Carbide Strips High Compressive Strength For Wood Cutting from China, China's leading PM Tungsten Carbide Strips product, with strict quality control Tungsten Carbide Strips High Compressive Strength factories, producing high quality Tungsten Carbide Strips For Wood Cutting products. We use cookies to enhance your experience. The global semiconductor market has entered an exciting period. Discussion of results, The influence of polycrystal grain size on several mechanical properties of materials, 4. It looks like WhatsApp is not installed on your phone. A. H. Chokshi, A. Rosen, J. Karch, and H. Gleiter, , On the validity of the Hall-Petch relationship in nanocrystalline materials, Size and interface control of novel nanocrystalline materials using pulsed laser deposition, 6. Grain-size dependence of plastic deformation in nanocrystalline Fe, 15. Rigidity - Tungsten carbide compositions range from two to three times as rigid as steel and four to six times as rigid as cast iron and brass. Enter words / phrases / DOI / ISBN / authors / keywords / etc. 2. Please try again. Hardness of Pure Tungsten Outlets and voltage differ internationally and this product may require an adapter or converter for use in your destination. Wide application range, suitable for processing industry, easy to use. High Compressive Strength Carbide Tungsten Steel Non-Standard Shaped Parts Introduction: The concept of cemented carbide: A composite material consisting of refractory metal compound (hard phase) and binder metal (bonded phase) produced by powder metallurgy. Yield Strength of Tungsten Yield strength of Tungsten is 750 MPa. Selecting this option will search the current publication in context. Three tungsten powder samplesone coarse grained (c-W; grain size: 1 m-3 m) and two nanocrystalline (n-W; average grain sizes: 10 nm and 50 nm)are investigated under nonhydrostatic compression in a diamond anvil cell in separate experiments, and their in situ X-ray diffraction patterns are recorded. Summary Density of Tungsten Carbide K. W. Katahara, M. H. Manghnani, and E. S. Fisher, , Pressure derivatives of the elastic moduli of BCC Ti-V-Cr, Nb-Mo and Ta-W alloys, 25. In this interview, AZoM speaks with Robert Higham, Head of the Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, based in Bolton, UK, about the actual challenges and insights in AM research. The compressive strength of such structures decreases with an increase in the coating thickness by . Please try again. The tungsten bar mainly chemical composition are WC and CO,carbide strips has excellent long been rigid, high hardness, good wear resistance, high elastic modulus high compressive strength, good chemical stability (acid, alkali, high temperature oxidation), impact toughness is low coefficient of expansion low thermal conductivity, electrical . Test. Tensile Strength : 172 MPa @Temperature 1650 C: 25000 psi @Temperature 3000 F: Tensile Strength, Ultimate : 980 MPa: 142000 psi: Tensile Strength, Yield : 750 MPa @Strain 0.200 %: 109000 psi @Strain 0.200 %: Rupture Strength : 47.0 MPa @Temperature 1650 C, Time 36000 sec: 6820 psi @Temperature 3000 F, Time 10.0 hour: Modulus of . The only material to exhibit a strain-rate-dependent compression strength was the material containing the highest level of Co (12%) and the largest WC grain size (1.85 m) indicating a potential threshold level of Co content and/or WC grain size where the compressive strength is insensitive to the strain rate. Tungsten is a refractory metal, a group that includes niobium, tantalum, molybdenum and rhenium, so-called because of their high melting temperatures and low vapor pressures. Using highquality cemented carbide materials, high hardness and wear resistance. The Datapaq Food Tracker from Fluke Process Instruments is a thermal profiling system for food processing applications. This study compared the compressive strength of a composite resin and compomer photoactivated with a conventional quartz-tungsten halogen-light (XL 3000, 3M/SPE) and a blue light-emitting diode . Titanium - This naturally occurring metal has the highest tensile strength to density ratio of any metal, which makes it, pound-for-pound, stronger than tungsten. osti.gov journal article: compressive strength of reinforced copper--tungsten fiber material. L. Lu, X. Chen, X. Huang, and K. Lu, , Revealing the maximum strength in nanotwinned copper, 12. High quality Cemented Tungsten Carbide Strips High Compressive Strength Good Chemical Stability from China, China's leading Tungsten Carbide Strips product market, With strict quality control Tungsten Carbide Strips factories, Producing high quality Cemented Tungsten Carbide Strips High Compressive Strength Good Chemical Stability products. Ultimate tensile strength of Tungsten is 980 MPa. When the grain size is reduced down to 10 nm, the yield strength of W is around 3.5 times that for the micrometer-grained W. This study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. Products with electrical plugs are designed for use in the US. A. K. Singh, A. Jain, H. P. Liermann, and S. K. Saxena, , Strength of iron under pressure up to 55 GPa from X-ray diffraction line-width analysis, X-ray diffraction study of the static strength of tungsten to 69 GPa, 22. Compressive strength is higher than virtually all melted and cast or forged metals and alloys. Demand for chip technology is both driving the industry as well as hindering it, with current chip shortages predicted to last for some time. The maximum microscopic deviatoric stress in each tungsten sample, a measure of the . Strength contributions in fibre-reinforced copper--tungsten, https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(77)90197-3, SOME COMPARISONS BETWEEN FIBER-REINFORCED AND CONTINUOUS-SKELETON TUNGSTEN- COPPER COMPOSITE MATERIALS, Compression tests of composite materials reinforced with high-strength fibers. Error posting question. To sign up for alerts, please log in first. The inverse Hall-Petch effectFact or artifact? Data reproduced with permission of Granta Design Limited www.grantadesign.com. Tungsten carbide has very high impact resistance and it has very high strength for a material so hard and rigid. Please check compatibility before purchasing. - Ind. Tungsten has the highest melting point (3410C) and the highest tensile strength at temperatures over 1650C of all the metals. a breakdown in schmid's law, where slip occurs on crystallographic planes other than the one with the maximum resolved shear stress (Engl. On the other hand, Titanium has a tensile strength of 63,000 psi. Tungsten (W) is a technologically important material because of its excellent properties. N50230* -Metals, Ceramics, & Other Materials-Metals & Alloys-Properties, Structure & Phase Studies, COPPER ALLOYS AND SYSTEMS/Cu-base-W, mechanical properties of tungsten fiber-reinforced composites of, TUNGSTEN ALLOYS AND SYSTEMS/Cu-base-W, mechanical properties of tungsten fiber-reinforced composites of. 35, no. Tungsten Tungsten. Selecting this option will search all publications across the Scitation platform, Selecting this option will search all publications for the Publisher/Society in context, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, High-pressure Raman study on nanocrystalline CeO2, Large volume high-pressure cell with supported moissanite anvils, High-pressure x-ray diffraction study of bulk and nanocrystalline PbMoO4, Generation of pressures over 40 GPa using Kawai-type multi-anvil press with tungsten carbide anvils, Note: High-pressure generation using nano-polycrystalline diamonds as anvil materials, Strength and structural phase transitions of gadolinium at high pressure from radial X-ray diffraction, Strength analysis and optimisation of double-toroidal anvils for high-pressure research, Key problems of the four-dimensional Earth system, Crystallography of low Z material at ultrahigh pressure: Case study on solid hydrogen, Exploring nanomechanics with high-pressure techniques, Everything you always wanted to know about metallic hydrogen but were afraid to ask, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Center for High Pressure Science and Technology Advanced Research (HPSTAR), Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics and Technology of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1301/64/9/303, https://doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(89)90342-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6462(02)00062-3, https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.1.218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2005.08.003, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2036-z, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1797-9_27, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.276.5316.1242, https://doi.org/10.1080/08957959608201408, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpcs.2006.06.003, https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.73.134106, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5184.419, https://doi.org/10.1107/s002188987100654x, https://doi.org/10.1088/0305-4608/9/5/006, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2017.10.016, https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.19, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Smaller-grained tungsten is stronger tungsten, Strength enhancement of nanocrystalline tungsten under high pressure. 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