https://doi.org/10.1007/s0037602214613. Data-Driven EnviroLab, Global climate action from cities, regions and businesses. The remaining new or updated pledges submitted in 2022 will have limited effects on global emissions projections. Abnormally cold conditions affected many parts of the central United States and northern Mexico in mid-February 2021. [40] The University of Bergen's method is being field tested by ConocoPhillips and state-owned Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC), and partially funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. [45], Experts caution that environmental impacts are still being investigated and that methanea greenhouse gas with around 25 times as much global warming potential over a 100-year period (GWP100) as carbon dioxidecould potentially escape into the atmosphere if something goes wrong. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. The leatherback is found in all tropical and subtropical oceans, and its range extends well into the Arctic Circle. The presence of clathrates at a given site can often be determined by observation of a "bottom simulating reflector" (BSR), which is a seismic reflection at the sediment to clathrate stability zone interface caused by the unequal densities of normal sediments and those laced with clathrates. Average 9-year monthly means of ALF carbon flux (20102018). Cheng, L., Abraham, J., Trenberth, K.E. Several studies demonstrate consistently high returns and provide a strong economic rationale for investments into MHEWS. Cities, which contribute 70% of global emissions, are highly vulnerable to climate impacts. Cities are sites where rapid experimentation with inclusive decision-making and multi-level governance can take place. These systems, shown in Figure 1, consist of four components: disaster risk knowledge; monitoring, observations and forecasting; warning communication; and response. Nature Communications, 11, 2870. This is crucial information for reaching carbon neutrality, which will be hard to attain if the forests lose their sink capacity through land-use and land-cover changes and the impacts of climate change, as observed in most human-impacted regions of Amazonia. Some other countries, such as Brazil , China, and the Russian Federation, remain at levels below 2021. Additionally, the WMO World Weather Research Programme highlights that it is the worlds most vulnerable populations that will suffer the most, as has already been observed during recent extreme weather events. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.001, 2022World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Foreword by Antonio Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations, Foreword by Prof. Petteri Taalas, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization, Secretary-General of the World Meteorological Organization. Using published peer-reviewed methods, the World Weather Attribution initiative found that climate change likely increased the intensity of rainfall associated with these storms (Otto et. The answer lies in urgent climate action, yet we continue to feed our fossil fuel addiction and to compromise the livelihoods of future generations. Or sneak into in the dead of night. Weijer, W., W. Cheng, O.A. Enhanced action is needed to prevent the continued warming that is increasing the likelihood of irreversible changes in the climate system, known as tipping points, Billions of people around the world are exposed to climate change impacts. WebOceans Ate Alaska are a British metalcore band hailing from Birmingham formed in 2010. [68] Another 2012 assessment of the literature identifies methane hydrates on the Shelf of East Arctic Seas as a potential trigger. The global increase in emissions observed in the first five months of 2022 is largely driven by the USA (+5.7%), India (+7.5%) and most of the European countries. Founded in 2013 Read More // Contact Us, Gear Gods is a proud member of the Blast Beat Network. USGS World Energy Assessment Team, 2000. MXR Is Working On A RANDY RHOADS Pedal For 2023, EPIPHONE Finally Unveils New ADAM JONES Signature, This Pedal Combines The Klon And Dumble Without Annihilating Your Funds, OBNE Has Created A Variable Clock Reverse Effector, MOOG Rolls Out New Moogerfooger Effects Plugins Suite, PAUL REED SMITH Makes An Argument For The Importance Of Tonewoods, ORIGIN EFFECTS Mimics Pultec Studio EQs With New M-EQ Driver, MANUEL GARDNER-FERNANDES Streams Demo Of New TIM HESON Model, SONICWARE Gives You The Tools To Make Beats For Studying/Relaxing To, MESA BOOGIE Announces Badlander 25 Head And Combo, JERRY CANTRELL Teams With JIM DUNLOP For New Brighten Wah Pedal. The current Arctic sea-ice cover (both annual and late summer) is at its lowest level since at least 1850 and is projected to reach practically ice-free conditions at its summer minimum at least once before 2050. November 29 0. This was the second such drilling at Mallik: the first took place in 2002 and used heat to release methane. For CH4 and N2O, the increases from 2019 to 2020 were higher than those observed from 2018 to 2019 and also higher than the average annual growth rate over the last decade (WMO, 2021). Boers, N., 2021: Observation-based early-warning signals for a collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 124, 63076326, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029522. Although direct measurements since 2004 show no significant trends (Worthington et al., 2021), continuous long-term weakening of the AMOC, as robustly suggested by models (Jackson et al., 2022), may increase its vulnerability to other changes, such as freshwater delivery from melting ice sheets and glaciers. WebExpanded or established protections for more than 550 million acres of federal lands and waters and banned drilling in large parts of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Mix, M. Eby, S. Kulp, A. Levermann, G.A. [30] The highest estimates (e.g. "[79] Summarizing his research, Hong stated: The results of our study indicate that the immense seeping found in this area is a result of natural state of the system. Nature Geoscience, 15, 615620. Of the nine G20 members for which an emissions path could be estimated based on their net-zero target and their NDCs, none have NDC targets that put them on an accelerated path towards their net-zero emissions targets. Global distribution of land-use emissions embodied in trade between regions in 2004 (A), 2007 (B), 2011 (C), 2014 (D), and 2017 (E) (Hong et al., 2022). WebThe Official Store for Fearless Records. According to the Urban Climate Change Research Network, cities responsible for up to 70% of human-caused emissions will face increasing climate impacts that will intersect with socioeconomic inequalities. IPCC, 2021: Summary for Policymakers. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. It is generally preferable to prevent hydrates from forming or blocking equipment. Effective urban climate adaptation and implementation strategies require ongoing, consistent, reliable, high-resolution, spatial and temporal monitoring of key regional climate indicators. Recently, methane hydrate has received considerable interest for large scale stationary storage application due to the very mild storage conditions with the inclusion of tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a co-guest. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2019: World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision (ST/ESA/SER.A/420). MHEWS are recognized as a critical element of disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation. Hong et al. The difference is it went from a steaming pot to an ice bath where it was shocked to stop the cooking process, thus preventing a weird taste/texture. Furthermore, necessary conditions are found only in either continental sedimentary rocks in polar regions where average surface temperatures are less than 0C; or in oceanic sediment at water depths greater than 300m where the bottom water temperature is around 2C. Tropical regions, such as Amazonia, play an important role in the global carbon budget. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. A significant advantage would be that the production of natural gas hydrate (NGH) from natural gas at the terminal would require a smaller refrigeration plant and less energy than LNG would. As a result, the continued study, identification, and observation of early warning signals of a potential tipping point in the AMOC is crucial (Boers, 2021). Microsoft pleaded for its deal on the day of the Phase 2 decision last month, but now the gloves are well and truly off. Nature Climate Change, 12, 499503. online calculator: hydrate formation conditions with different EOSs, Centre for Arctic Gas Hydrate, Environment and Climate (CAGE), USGS Geological Research Activities with U.S. Minerals Management Service - Methane Gas Hydrates, Carbon Neutral Methane Energy Production from Hydrate Deposits, Ancient Methane Explosions Created Ocean Craters, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methane_clathrate&oldid=1124387067, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. This involved placing a 125-tonne (276,000lb) dome over the largest of the well leaks and piping it to a storage vessel on the surface. Once formed, hydrates can block pipeline and processing equipment. However, today, less than 10% of these internationally agreed data are available from LDCs and SIDS. Western Europe experienced some of its most severe flooding on record in mid-July 2021. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1439:1, 1121. Katzenberger, A., J. Schewe, J. Pongratz, and A. Levermann, 2021: Robust increase of Indian monsoon rainfall and its variability under future warming in CMIP6 models. Increases in successive annual means are shown as the shaded columns (bottom row). Earth System Dynamics, 9, 11071125. However, the full socioeconomic benefits of MHEWS are likely to be underestimated as some benefits are difficult to monetize, such as potential lives saved. Science, 365, eaaw6974. [44] Industry consensus is that commercial-scale production remains years away. Additional care in measuring when gas production rates are low and the possibility of hydrate formation is higher than at relatively high gas flow rates. Wellington, https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inv Steinkamp, K., S.E. Kornhuber, K., D. Coumou, E. Vogel, C. Lesk, J. F. Donges, J. Lehmann, and R. M. Horton, 2020: Amplified Rossby waves enhance risk of concurrent heatwaves in major breadbasket regions. By checking this box I consent to the use of my information provided for email marketing purposes. The rapidly rising floodwaters resulting from this extreme rainfall caused widespread devastation and economic losses. This number is the average of six data sets1, which individually have a range of 1.13 to 1.21 C. echo do_shortcode('[mkdf_block_two number_of_posts="3" block_proportion="two_third_one_third" category_id="50" author_id="0" featured_thumb_image_size="custom_size" featured_display_post_type_icon="yes" thumb_image_size="custom_size" display_post_type_icon="yes" display_pagination="no" featured_thumb_image_width="856" featured_thumb_image_height="585" thumb_image_width="417" thumb_image_height="280"]'); Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegra, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Lschke, V. Mller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. And IIRC there was a thread about this some time ago here at TBK, and our gov't more or less said go ahead and do whatever you want since they refused to prosecute any offending boat captains/companies, oh purple lips was president at the time. The project has already reached injection phase and was analyzing resulting data by March 12, 2012. (This was a matrilineal kinship system, with social status passed through the female lines.) MacDowell, D.J. Moog has just rolled out seven, A one-stop shop for the serious musician. Bissolli, P., et al., 2022: Trockenheit in Europa 2022: https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/besondereereignisse/duerre/20220706_tro Deutscher Wetterdienst, 2022: Hitzewelle endet historisch: https://www.dwd.de/DE/wetter/thema_des_tages/2022/7/21.html. Pattyn, F., and M. Morlighem, 2020: The uncertain future of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. Marsham, P.Y. Is this just another avenue for "them" to shut down yet another food source, and economic driver? Figure 2. Health inequalities from heat exposure and existing vulnerabilities, including pre-existing health conditions (e.g., cardiovascular diseases), socioeconomic dimensions (e.g., precarious housing), demographic factors (e.g., age and gender), geographic aspects (e.g., water-stressed zones) and sociopolitical factors (e.g., political instability), are particularly pronounced in urban settings. Skill is low to medium for these regions, giving low to medium confidence. Nature Geoscience, 14, 550558. Lets Roll Dice To Write A Song, Again. }?>, get_template_part('ads/mobile-300-post-insert'); ?>, MARY Z And Friends Debut Were Stars Hear N Aid/Dio Metal Cover at NAMM 2020, THE WEEKLY RIFF: NITESOIL Guitarist Nick Emde Shows You Odio. These climate changes include higher average annual temperature, longer heatwaves and increased rate of heavy precipitation events as well as accelerated sea-level rise and exacerbated coastal flooding. WebHikari is the second full-length album by British metalcore band Oceans Ate Alaska, released on 28 July 2017 through Fearless Records. Organic matter in the uppermost few centimeters of sediments is first attacked by aerobic bacteria, generating CO2, which escapes from the sediments into the water column. Ocean warming rates for the 02 000 m depth layer (relative to the ocean surface) reached 1.0 (0.6) 0.1 W m-2 over the period 20062021 (19712021). Figure 1. GtCO2e include all major GHGs (e.g., carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide). The 2020 drop in emissions was the single biggest absolute drop in historical record, owing to the large decline in economic activity (Figure 1). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 103, E1117-E1129, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-200311.1, Leon Hermanson (Met Office, UK), Adam Scaife (Met Office, UK; University of Exeter, UK), Melissa Seabrook (Met Office, UK), Doug Smith (Met Office, UK), New national mitigation pledges for 2030 (as of 4 November 2021) show some progress toward lowering Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions, but their aggregate effect on global emissions is insufficient to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. In August 2006, China announced plans to spend 800 million yuan (US$100 million) over the next 10 years to study natural gas hydrates. Only a few areas of the world parts of North America, the Southern Ocean and an area south of Greenland - were cooler than the recent average. "Burning ice". Donges, A. Ganopolski, J. McManus, S. Praetorius, A. de Vernal, A. Abe-Ouchi, H. Cheng, M. Claussen, M. Crucifix, G. Gallopin, V. Iglesias, D.S. Their tipping would be particularly dangerous as they would have global consequences due to substantial additional sea-level rise on the timescales of centuries to millennia (Clark et al., 2016). [43] Marine geologist Mikio Satoh remarked "Now we know that extraction is possible. [21][22][citation needed] The methane in clathrates typically has a biogenic isotopic signature and highly variable 13C (40 to 100), with an approximate average of about 65 . [42][43] A spokesperson for JOGMEC remarked "Japan could finally have an energy source to call its own". Nairobi. As a result, they are reflected in both the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 20152030 and the Paris Agreement in addition to contributing towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals. At this warming level, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet would also be at increasing risk of irreversible ice loss (Garbe et al., 2020). For example, between March and May 2022, Delhi, India, experienced five heat waves with record-breaking temperatures reaching up to 49.2 C (120.5 F). Pattyn, F., et al., 2018: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets under 1.5 C global warming. Changes in regional mean climate and the intensity of climate extremes tend to vary linearly as a function of global warming (Wartenburger et al., 2017). ocp innovation webinar Space borne Precipitation Measurements and Application, WMO Innovation Seminar - Microsoft and the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, universal global early warning coverage within the next five years, WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin (published annually), https://www.iea.org/articles/global-energy.review-CO2-emissions-in-2020, https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=10904. It is the only album to feature Jake Noakes who replaced the original vocalist James Harrison, after the latter's departure in late 2016. Careful measuring of line flow to detect incipient hydrate plugging. This new mechanism contributes to achieving the adaptation and systematic observation goals of the Paris Agreement through improved climate and weather observations essential for effective climate services and early warnings. New York: United Nations, https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf. Australia submitted a strengthened NDC on 16 June 2022, the effects of which has not been considered in the assessment. The effect of the extended La Nia can be seen in the Pacific where surface temperatures were below the 19812010 period (Figure 2) in the eastern tropical Pacific, but warmer than average in the North Pacific and Southwest Pacific. [30] This estimate, corresponding to 5002500 gigatonnes carbon (GtC), is smaller than the 5000 GtC estimated for all other geo-organic fuel reserves but substantially larger than the ~230 GtC estimated for other natural gas sources. al., 2022). Shop Limited Edition and exclusive products. Two clusters was good enough for me at a time; besides, if you didn't eat them fast enough the steam would get them soggy and the shells would get rubbery and tough to crack. These predictions provide the best estimate of the near-term climate and are based on the worlds leading decadal prediction systems from WMO-designated Global Producing Centres and non-designated contributing centres. by Gear Gods. In coastal cities, the combination of more frequent extreme sea level events (due to sea level rise and storm surge) and extreme rainfall/riverflow events will make flooding more probable (high confidence) (IPCC Working Group I, 2021), Interactions between changing urban form, exposure and vulnerability can create climate change-induced risks and losses for cities and settlements. ), Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Further, less than half of the Least Developed Countries (LDCs), and only one third of Small Island Developing States (SIDS) have reported the existence of MHEWS (Sendai Framework Monitor, 2022). Content taken from the Summary for Policymakers (SPM) reports from the most recent IPCC 6th Assessment Report, including Working Group I: The Physical Science Basis, Working Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability and Working Group III: Mitigation of Climate Change. Regional tipping points of marine systems due to warming, ocean acidification, and deoxygenation can, in combination, cause global impacts (Heinze et al., 2021). Zou, 2020: The critical amplifying role of increasing atmospheric moisture demand on tree mortality and associated regional die-off. Nature Communications, 12, 2721. Seneviratne, 2017: Changes in regional climate extremes as a function of global mean temperature: an interactive plotting framework. Further, carbon stored in the land biosphere would decrease by less than 25%, suggesting a critical situation for ecosystems and farming, especially in the tropics. It is known to separate the "Old World" of Africa, Europe and Asia from the "New World" of the Americas in the European perception of the Welbergen, Forecasting wildlife die-offs from extreme heat events. Early warnings can only be as good as the data underpinning them. The fish that had more of the harmful chemicals also ate more of their offspring. Below it, methane is gaseous. Webmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Le livre numrique (en anglais: ebook ou e-book), aussi connu sous les noms de livre lectronique et de livrel , est un livre dit et diffus en version numrique, disponible sous la forme de fichiers , qui peuvent tre tlchargs et stocks pour tre lus sur un cran , (ordinateur personnel , tlphone Preliminary data shows that global CO2 emissions in 2022 (January to May) are 1.2% above pre-pandemic levels during the same period in 2019 (Figure 2). High flow-rates, which limit the time for hydrate formation in a volume of fluid, thereby reducing the kick potential. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [P.R. Note that these predictions assume that no major volcanic eruptions occur during the period in question. [15][16][17] There are two distinct types of oceanic deposits. et al., 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP Uncertainty Model. Adaptation is crucial to lower the risks to climate impacts. Global greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios and the emissions gap in 2030 (median estimate and tenth to ninetieth percentile range) (UNEP, 2021a; 2021b). Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (MHEWS) integrate hazard information with risk analysis to provide meaningful early warnings that allow governments, communities, and individuals to understand the risks related to impending events and to act to minimize impacts. Desbruyeres, E. Frajka-Williams, B. Moat, and J. Robson, 2022: The evolution of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation since 1980. 2022 edition, forthcoming. WebExplore incredible survival stories from the most rugged and remote parts of Alaska with no sign-in needed! Radioactive pollution from Japan? 11.29.2022. As a result, the water depth got shallower with less hydrostatic pressure, without further warming. [43], Both Japan and China announced in May 2017 a breakthrough for mining methane clathrates, when they extracted methane from hydrates in the South China Sea. AMOC is an important driver of the distribution of heat, salt, and water in the climate system, both regionally and globally. Loutre, D. McGee, K. Rehfeld, R. Rhodes, A.W.R. The big and beautiful U.S.-Mexico border wall that became a key campaign issue for Donald Trump is getting a makeover thanks to the Biden administration, but a critic of the current president says dirty politics is behind the decision. For the November to March season over the years 2022/20232026/2027, precipitation predictions favour wetter than average conditions at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere. Climate-inclusive planning and investments in social and ecological systems, green and gray infrastructure, healthcare services, and technological advancements have significant ability to increase cities adaptive capacity. Nature Climate Change, 6, 197200. See more. Atmospheric observation and analysis can play an important role in improving quantification of total CO2 biosphere fluxes, as shown in the examples below. More than three quarters of the traded emissions were associated with changes in land use to enable the expansion of agriculture, including grazing. This production of methane is a rather complicated process, requiring a highly reducing environment (Eh 350 to 450 mV) and a pH between 6 and 8, as well as a complex syntrophic, consortia of different varieties of archaea and bacteria. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Areas in blue shades meet or exceed the requirements (WMO Secretariat, 2022). [23][citation needed][24][25][26] Below the zone of solid clathrates, large volumes of methane may form bubbles of free gas in the sediments.[19][27][28]. Crossing tipping points associated with ice-sheet instabilities in Antarctica, or with rapid discharge from ice streams in Greenland, can have serious global impacts. Gvt pay all the workers. Search the most recent archived version of state.gov. [30][32] The permafrost reservoir has been estimated at about 400GtC in the Arctic,[33][citation needed] but no estimates have been made of possible Antarctic reservoirs. https://environment.govt.nz/publications/new-zealands-greenhouse-gas-inv https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/17/47/2017/, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-022-01332-6, https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/14/1917/2022/, https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abj1572, https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac55b6, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-021-01001-0, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-00965-8, National Centers for Environmental Information, Provisional State of the Global Climate in 2022, https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/33/4/jcli-d-19-0395.1.xml, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/93/1/93_2015-001/_article. Ratnayake, H.U., M.R. Nature, 595: 388393, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6. However, little is known about the sensitivity of New Zealands unique indigenous forests to future climate change. NOAA awarded an $18.7 million contract in April 2021 to Alaska-based Ahtna Infrastructure & Technologies, LLC to make major improvements to the facility. WebCook definition, to prepare (food) by the use of heat, as by boiling, baking, or roasting. Hegerl, A. Schurer, S.F.B. Unlike fossil CO2 emissions, the atmospheric CO2 impact from LULUCF is the result of the net balance between human activities that lead to carbon release (e.g., deforestation) and other activities that lead to carbon uptake (e.g., reforestation, forest regrowth). [72] apparently through perforations in the seabed permafrost,[63] with concentrations in some regions reaching up to 100 times normal levels. Earth System Dynamics, 12, 367386. However, natural CO2 sinks on land and oceans continued to uptake more CO2 in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 with an average (20112020) of 10.2 1.5 GtCO2 yr-1 for the ocean sink and 11.2 2.2 GtCO2 yr-1 for the land sink (Figure 3). Although projections of its future evolution are highly uncertain, studies point to the likelihood of further drying (Baker et al., 2021). Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z., 2020: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record. Trusel, and M. van den Broeke, 2018: The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets under 1.5 C global warming. Caesar, L., G.D. McCarthy, D.J.R. November 29 0. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 39, 373385. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. However, most areas across the world were warmer than recent averages. Cancel all fishing and crabbing for 3 years. A release on this scale would increase the methane content of the planet's atmosphere by a factor of twelve,[64][65] equivalent in greenhouse effect to a doubling in the 2008 level of CO2. Emissions Gap Report 2020. The aggregate reduction is about 0.7 GtCO2e greater than that reported in the Emissions Gap Report 2021 (UNEP, 2021b), which was based on pledges announced or submitted with a cut-off date of 30 September 2021. Mikaloff Fletcher, G. Brailsford, D. Smale, S. Moore, E.D. Around 90% of the accumulated heat in the Earth system is stored in the ocean, which is measured through Ocean Heat Content. The emissions decline in China was the result of extended confinement policies and strict travel restrictions on international arrivals in response to local outbreaks of COVID-19. However, as of April 2022, less than half of all countries in the world have reported the existence of MHEWS, with coverage particularly low in Africa. Excessive heat in workplaces represents a serious health hazard, with reductions in cognitive and physical work performance and increases in sick leave leading to lost productivity (Jay et al., 2021). Scientists are still evaluating the cause or causes of the snow crab collapse after a stretch of record-breaking warmth in Bering Sea waters spiked in 2019. I've had it cold, in a salad, and it was really good. Over fishing? In comparison, the total carbon in the atmosphere is around 800gigatons (see Carbon: Occurrence). For the next five May to September seasons, predictions show increased likelihood of wet anomalies in the Sahel, northern Europe, Alaska, and northern Siberia, and dry anomalies over the Amazon. Additionally, it is the warmest non-overlapping period, with the second being 20132017. Below are lists of the top 10 contributors to committees that have raised at least $1,000,000 and are primarily formed to support or oppose a state ballot measure or a candidate for state office in the November 2022 general election. However, less than half of all countries in the world have these crucial systems and coverage is particuarly low in vulnerable countries. Adams, D. Eamus, N.G. Looking forward, there is a 48% chance that, during at least one year in the next five years, annual mean temperature will temporarily be 1.5 C higher than in 1850-1900, Mitigation pledges are insufficient to achieve the Paris Agreement. The upper temperature stability of this phase is similar to that of structure-I hydrate. [13] However, it is also thought that freshwater used in the pressurization of oil and gas wells in permafrost and along the continental shelves worldwide combines with natural methane to form clathrate at depth and pressure since methane hydrates are more stable in freshwater than in saltwater. Early warning systems can save lives, reduce losses and damages, contribute to disaster risk reduction, and support climate change adaptation. There has been no significant trend in Antarctic sea-ice area from 1979 to 2020 due to regionally opposing trends and large internal variability (IPCC, 2021). DUNES Drummer Tucker Rule Streams Playthrough Of Permanent Rebellion, Watch ICHIKA NITO Shred On His Ibanez QX527PB, UNPROCESSED/POLYPHIA: Exclusive Behind-The-Scenes of Real, The Prog Collab of the Summer, CRY BABY BATTLE ROYALE: See Behind The Scenes Of The Pedalboard That Beat KIRK HAMMETT, MOON DESTROYS: See The Behind-The-Scenes Of Guitar Tracking For Maiden Voyage, Watch JIA Keyboardist Alan Hankers Approach To Writing And Performing With Citizen, Leo Moracchioli of FROG LEAP STUDIOS Delivers A Home Studio Tour. About $20 and 1/2 hour in the shadier parts of town. With ADAM NEELY Treys Theory Corner Ep. The comparative figures for June 2021 were 418.94 ppm, and 411.64 ppm. Alaska cancels snow crab season, threatening key economic driver. Summer heatwaves pose a significant risk to human and ecosystem health. [37] Most NGH is found beneath the seafloor (95%) where it exists in thermodynamic equilibrium. Preliminary analysis of the data from a subset of the GAW GHG observational network demonstrated that CO2 concentrations exceeded 410 parts per million (ppm) during the whole of 2021. Drawing on the findings presented by the Global Commission on Adaptation (2019), the MHEWS average cost-benefit ratio (9:1) is higher than any other adaptation measures considered in this study, ahead of making new infrastructure resilient or improving dryland agriculture crop production. by Greg Kennelty. Camilloni, A. Diedhiou, R. Djalante, K. Ebi, F. Engelbrecht, J. Guiot, Y. Hijioka, S. Mehrotra, C.W. from 2011 to 2020), but is larger than the average mass loss for the period 19912020, 0.66 m w.e. One of the seven targets of the Sendai Framework is to Substantially increase the availability of and access to multihazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030 (Target G). [51] BP deployed the system on May 78, but it failed due to buildup of methane clathrate inside the dome; with its low density of approximately 0.9 g/cm3 the methane hydrates accumulated in the dome, adding buoyancy and obstructing flow. It is more important than ever that we scale up action on early warning systems to build resilience to current and future climate risks in vulnerable communities. Brovkin, V., E. Brook, J.W. The Global Carbon Project (GCP) also notes that, in 2021, global fossil CO2 emissions returned to 2019 pre-pandemic levels after a large, but temporary, absolute drop in emissions due to widespread lockdowns. Garbe, J., Albrecht, T., Levermann, A., Donges, J.F., and R. Winkelmann, 2020: The hysteresis of the Antarctic Ice Sheet. In such organic-rich marine sediments, sulfate becomes the most important terminal electron acceptor due to its high concentration seawater. These tipping points have both global and regional consequences and include changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), the melting of polar ice sheets, the migration of large-scale weather and climate patterns, and dieback of the Amazon rainforest. The WMO Integrated Global Greenhouse Gas Information System (IG3IS), one example of an observation-based information system, uses atmospheric observation and analysis tools to improve knowledge of GHG sources and sinks at national and smaller scales. Below the 2 000 m depth, the ocean also warmed, albeit at a lower rate (Purkey et al., 2010) of 0.07 0.04 W m-2. WebUnited in Science provides an overview of the most recent science related to climate change, impacts and responses from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and partner organizations. Thornalley, N. Cahill, and S. Rahmstorf, 2021: Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in last millennium. 1 The six data sets are HadCRUT5 (2022 to May), GISTEMP, NOAAGlobalTemp, Berkeley Earth, ERA5 and JRA-55 (2022 to June). Stuff goes in cycles. Trauth, L. Vanderveken, and Z.C. Notably, as a group, G20 members are not on track to achieve either their original or new 2030 pledges. In the 2008 experiment, researchers were able to extract gas by lowering the pressure, without heating, requiring significantly less energy. Communications Earth & Environment, 2, 149. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247021002218. The storms caused severe humanitarian impacts across the region one of the poorest and most vulnerable in the world. Figure 3 shows heatwaves across southwestern Europe from 1950 to July 2022. Additionally, analysis from an accelerated data collection campaign conducted by WMO in June/July 2022 shows even fewer countries have MHEWS that are based in national legislation and regulatory frameworks, which are essential to ensure their effectiveness. Communities in Australia are generally better equipped to respond, recover and adapt compared to communities in lower-income countries, however, the floods still highlighted socioeconomic inequalities that exacerbate vulnerability. [43] According to an industry spokesperson, "It [was] the world's first offshore experiment producing gas from methane hydrate". Payne, H.-O. Based on a new accounting of land-use GHG emissions from agriculture and land-use change, a new analysis shows that emissions from trade in food were 5.8 gigatons of CO2 equivalent (GtCO2e) in 2017, representing 27% of GHG emissions from land-use change (Hong et al., 2022). [57] Clathrate deposits destabilize from the deepest part of their stability zone, which is typically hundreds of metres below the seabed. Extreme weather events cause significant socioeconomic impacts. Alaska cancels snow crab season, threatening key economic driver Scientists are still evaluating the cause or causes of the snow crab collapse after a stretch of record-breaking warmth in Bering Sea waters spiked in 2019. A satellite captured lights on the surface of the Atlantic ocean in the southern hemisphere at night. Matthews, R. Rodven, and S. Wilson, 2021: The quiet crossing of ocean tipping points, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 118, e2008478118. Fossil CO2 emissions rebounded by 4.8% (4.2%5.4%) in 2021 reaching 36.4 1.8 GtCO2 yr-1 (Figure 1). Methane, released by heating, burns; water drips. Addendum to the Emissions Gap Report 2021: A preliminary assessment of the impact of new or updated nationally determined contributions, other 2030 pledges and net-zero emissions pledges announced or submitted since the cut-off dates of the Emissions Gap Report 2021. [8] China described the result as a breakthrough; Praveen Linga from the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the National University of Singapore agreed "Compared with the results we have seen from Japanese research, the Chinese scientists have managed to extract much more gas in their efforts". Local variations may be widespread since the act of forming hydrate, which extracts pure water from saline formation waters, can often lead to local and potentially significant increases in formation water salinity. Climate science indicates an increasing risk of short-duration, but extreme, rainfall with continued human-induced warming. Santer, D.P. Stocker, B.H. Yet, many developing countries still lack such systems. THE FEARLESS UK STORE IS TEMPORARILY DOWN, PLEASE CLICK FOR MORE INFORMATION. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan Series II 93, 548, doi:10.2151/jmsj.2015-001, https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jmsj/93/1/93_2015-001/_article. For the next five November to March seasons, the predictions show warm anomalies almost everywhere, with land temperatures showing larger anomalies than those over the ocean. Throughout 2022, successive spells of heavy rainfall over eastern Australia resulted in major floods. Effective implementation will require inputs from a wide range of actors, including National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, academia, policy makers, and other UN agencies on a variety of related issues, such as technology, innovation, and finance. Figure 3. These trends will continue if we do not act urgently to reduce fossil fuel emissions. Thus, they exhibit high electric resistivity like ice, and sediments containing hydrates have higher resistivity than sediments without gas hydrates (Judge [67]). Romanello, M., et al., 2021: The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future,.Lancet, 398, 16191662. Brazil exported 40% of its land-use emissions, while Indonesia about 42%. Rapidly accelerating climate disruption means that no one is safe from disasters such as floods, droughts, heatwaves, extreme storms, wildfires or sea level rise. You've got to eat them FRESH out of the steam in order to get the best out of them. New York. According to WMO and the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR), early warning systems not only save lives and reduce losses and damages, but also contribute to disaster risk reduction, and support climate change adaptation. A full analysis of the three main GHGs (Figure 1) shows the globally averaged atmospheric concentrations of CO2 at 413.2 0.2 ppm, CH4 at 1889 2 parts per billion (ppb) and N2O at 333.2 0.1 ppb for 2020 (respectively 149%, 262% and 123% ofpre-industrial levels in 1750). WebThis holiday, commemorating the landing of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, has been unofficially celebrated as early as the 18th century, and became a federal holiday in 1937. 33115, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 2013. Kubota, M. Gloor, C.A.S. The World Glacier Monitoring Service collates and analyses global glacier mass balance data, including a set of 42 reference glaciers with long-term observations. United in Science provides an overview of the most recent science related to climate change, impacts and responses from the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and partner organizations. The Emissions Gap Report provides annual science-based assessments of the gap between estimated future GHG emissions and global emissions levels aligned with achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. Finally, a formal scientific consensus on tipping points and irreversible climate change, which is central to estimating climate risk, yet fraught with deep uncertainty, is policy-relevant. Lindzen, V.P. For comparison, the values for the upper 700 m depth amount to 0.7 (0.4) 0.1 W m-2 over the period 20062021 (19712021). In Portugal, a peak temperature of 47.0 C was measured, exceeding the national July record of 46.5 C (1995). Stocker, T.F., et al., Technical Summary, in Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Photo WMO/Agusti Descarrega Sola). Environmentally just policies and practices in cities will lead to higher standards of living, both physically and mentally, as well as overall lowered vulnerability to both climate change and future pandemics. Kobayashi, S., et al., 2015: The JRA-55 Reanalysis: General Specifications and Basic Characteristics. If the conditional NDCs are also fully implemented, the emissions gap is further reduced by about 3.5 GtCO2e. https://gca.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/GlobalCommission_Report_FINAL Antnio Guterres, Secretary-General of the United Nations. Federal, state and local officials joined NOAA on Aug. 31, 2021, at a groundbreaking ceremony marking the start of a project to revitalize the agencys port facility in Ketchikan, Alaska. Bubble colours highlight the year of occurrence: blue: 2022, green: most recent before 2022, red: 21st century, orange: 20th century (Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)). Many changes due to past and future greenhouse gas emissions are irreversible for centuries to millennia, especially changes in the ocean, ice sheets, and global sea level (IPCC Working Group I, 2021), The probability of low-likelihood, high impact outcomes increases with higher global warming levels (high confidence). Research on this and other climate tipping points, such as the melting of polar ice sheets, will help society better understand the costs, benefits and potential limitations of climate mitigation and adaptation in the future. Change, 6, 145153. DeConto, J.F. WebDecember 07, 2022. International trade in goods, services and fossil fuels leads to disconnects between countries that consume goods and services, or extract fossil fuels, and those that burn the fossil fuels and report the related emissions. Incorporation of dynamic climate approaches into urban design is essential for cities to scale up their climate action planning. The marine environment is also prone to regional tipping. Hikari is the second full-length album by British metalcore band Oceans Ate Alaska, released on 28 July 2017 through Fearless Records. So not filming deadliest catch this year? This shows great promise; however, the 14% must transition from pledging their support into scaled-up political action and transformative implementation. Environment; 2022 in Review; 6 environmental wins that gave us hope in 2022. Improvements in our understanding of clathrate chemistry and sedimentology have revealed that hydrates form in only a narrow range of depths (continental shelves), at only some locations in the range of depths where they could occur (10-30% of the Gas hydrate stability zone), and typically are found at low concentrations (0.91.5% by volume) at sites where they do occur. More extended dry seasons and extreme drought events, and self-reinforcing feedbacks, could further reduce the forest extent (Zemp et al., 2017) with a potential approach to a tipping point (Boulton et al., 2022) where the forest is unsustainable. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 3, 241254. 46H2O), also called methane hydrate, hydromethane, methane ice, fire ice, natural gas hydrate, or gas hydrate, is a solid clathrate compound (more specifically, a clathrate hydrate) in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice. WMO, 2021: WMO Greenhouse Gas Bulletin No. These can lead to or exacerbate other high-impact events such as flooding, landslides, wildfires and avalanches. The combined effects of higher temperatures and humidity during hot spells in some regions could reach dangerous levels in the next few decades (Pal and Eltahir, 2016), which could lead to physiological tipping points, or thresholds beyond which outdoor human labor is no longer possible without technical assistance. https://uccrn.ei.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/pubs/ARC3.2-PD https://www.c40.org/what-we-do/scaling-up-climate-action/adaptation-wate https://population.un.org/wup/Publications/Files/WUP2018-Report.pdf. Greenhouse gas concentrations are continuing to rise, reaching new record highs. But I can get blue crabs with minimal expense. Are there deposits of methane under the sea? In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [H.-O. I do enjoy the stuff. Methane is bubbling from these dome-like structures, with some of these gas flares extending close to the sea surface.[29]. 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Humphrey, V., J. Zscheischler, P. Ciais, L. Gudmundsson, S. Sitch, and S.I. Total net anthropogenic GHG emissions have continued to rise during the period 20102019 (IPCC Working Group III, 2022), Average annual GHG emissions during 20102019 were higher than in any previous decade, but the rate of growth between 2010 and 2019 was lower than that between 2000 and 2009 (IPCC Working Group III, 2022). Journal of Climate, 33, 13511379, https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/33/4/jcli-d-19-0395.1.xml. Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation, "Coupled Numerical Modeling of Gas Hydrate-BearingSediments: From Laboratory to Field-Scale Analyses", "A pseudo-kinetic model to simulate phase changes in gas hydrate bearing sediments", "High resolution carbon dioxide concentration record 650,000800,000 years before present", "China claims breakthrough in mining 'flammable ice', 10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0653:NGPSAS>2.0.CO;2, "Multi-frequency seismic study of gas hydrate-bearing sediments in Lake Baikal, Siberia", "A review of the geochemistry of methane in natural gas hydrate", "Available online 7 May 2021 1875-5100/ 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Systematic Observations Financing Facility. This chapter highlights the Centres predictions for the 20222026 period. Offsetting this, for 100 tonnes of methane transported, 750 tonnes of methane hydrate would have to be transported; since this would require a ship of 7.5 times greater displacement, or require more ships, it is unlikely to prove economically feasible. Zhang, H.-M., et al., NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 5.0. Despite a strong fluctuation in global emissions over the past 2.5 years, fossil CO2 emissions significantly decreased in 23 countries, accounting for about one quarter of global emissions (9 GtCO2 yr-1), during the pre-pandemic decade of 20102019. The number and severity of climate-related disasters in cities is projected to increase in the coming decades (Gencer et al., 2018). The pattern of increased precipitation in the tropics and high latitudes and reduced precipitation in the subtropics is consistent with climate warming. Weaver, R. Winkelmann, D. Archer, E. Bard, A. Goldner, K. Lambeck, R.T. Pierrehumbert, and G.-K. Plattner, 2016: Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multi-millennial climate and sea-level change. Tipping points have become a widely-used shorthand for many aspects of non-linear changes in a complex system. Breshears, D.D., H.D. STRANDBERG Guitars Announce First Inaugural .stranded* Live Podcast! Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yeleki, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. et al., 2022: Emissions rebound from the Covid-19 pandemic. These critical data gaps hinder the provision of high-quality climate services around the globe. [73][74] The excess methane has been detected in localized hotspots in the outfall of the Lena River and the border between the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. Tett, R. Vautard, P. Yiou, A. Jezequel, F.E.L. Nature, 560, 560, 360364. [69], Research carried out in 2008 in the Siberian Arctic showed methane releases on the annual scale of millions of tonnes, which was a substantial increase on the previous estimate of 0.5 millions of tonnes per year. Implementation of this action plan will also require new innovative and pre-existing financing solutions. I never went in for piles. These conditions are leading to increasing global surface temperature and other climatic changes, as highlighted by the WMO State of the Global Climate 2021 report, which found the most recent seven years, 2015 to 2021, to be the warmest on record. Earths Future, 6, 704-715. https://doi.org/10.1002/2018EF000813. To improve estimates of Amazonias contribution to the global carbon budget, an aircraft measurement program was started in 2010 over four different sites in this region: Alta Floresta (ALF), Rio Branco (RBA), Santarm (SAN) and Tabatinga/Tef (TAB/TEF). Web6 environmental wins that gave us hope in 2022. 2017 studied methane seepage in the shallow arctic seas at the Barents Sea close to Svalbard. Nature Geoscience, 7, 345349. Nairobi. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Chapter 11 Sonia I. Seneviratne (Switzerland), Xuebin Zhang (Canada), Muhammad Adnan (Pakistan), Wafae Badi (Morocco), Claudine Dereczynski (Brazil), Alejandro Di Luca (Australia/Canada/Argentina), Subimal Ghosh (India), Iskhaq Iskandar (Indonesia), James Kossin (United States of America), Sophie Lewis (Australia), Friederike Otto (United Kingdom/Germany), Izidine Pinto (South Africa/Mozambique), Masaki Satoh (Japan), Sergio M. Vicente-Serrano (Spain), Michael Wehner (United States of America), Botao Zhou (China). High and low resolution pdfs available here. The impact of climate change on human health is receiving greater attention (Romanello et al., 2021) as the potential threats are multiple. Collectively, countries are falling short of meeting their new or updated pledges with the policies that are currently being implemented. (Because of sharing of water molecules between cages, there are only 46 water molecules per unit cell.) However, they can also lead to the crossing of regional ecosystem thresholds (Guiot and Cramer 2016; Warren et al., 2018; Ratnayake et al., 2019; Breshears et al., 2020) and to climate regime shifts in combination with vegetation changes and societal responses. Keller, W.T. non-energy) emissions relate to foods traded internationally. Journal of Climate 2010, 23, 63366351. Clark, P.U., J.D. [12] Continental deposits have been located in Siberia and Alaska in sandstone and siltstone beds at less than 800m depth. Return to the home page. Figure 5. The gray band denotes the standard deviation of the monthly means and the 9-year mean climatological carbon flux at south-eastern Amazonia (Gatti et al., 2021). 6198, https://uccrn.ei.columbia.edu/sites/default/files/content/pubs/ARC3.2-PD Hsu, A., et al., 2021: Disproportionate exposure to urban heat island intensity across major US cities. Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, [J.J. McCarthy, et al. Moat, D.A. Nature Climate Change, 11, 492-500. In addition, recent models consistently indicate that the AMOC will weaken as CO2 continues to increase (Weijer et al., 2020). As presented by global climate modelling scenarios, climate change in cities will manifest as directional shifts in climate envelopes and increased frequency and intensity of extreme events. Frlicher, T.L., E.M. Fischer, and N. Gruber, 2018: Marine heatwaves under global warming. In recent years, development of other forms of hydrate inhibitors have been developed, like Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors (increasing the required sub-cooling which hydrates require to form, at the expense of increased hydrate formation rate) and anti-agglomerates, which do not prevent hydrates forming, but do prevent them sticking together to block equipment. In June 2022, CO2 concentration at Mauna Loa and Cape Grim reached 420.99 ppm and 414.12 ppm, respectively. Areas in dark red are far from meeting the most important requirements of the GBON. WMO reports that the number of weather-related disasters has increased by a factor of five over the past 50 years, claiming, on average, the lives of 115 people and causing US$ 202 million in losses daily (WMO, 2021). Additionally, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recently released highly anticipated Working Group reports covering The Physical Science Basis; Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability; and Mitigation of Climate Change, which are an integral part of its Sixth Assessment Report. Geoscience Model Development, 10, 36093634. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/. In 2021, the spotlight was on the implication of new or updated climate mitigation pledges for 2030, the status of net-zero emissions pledges and pathways, and the estimated global warming at the end of the century under current policies, pledges and scenarios. They also provide a significant return on investment, as highlighted in the box below on the socioeconomic benefits of early warning systems. The 20222026 predicted precipitation patterns relative to the 19912020 average are presented in Figure 2 for the extended May to September (left) and November to March (right) seasons. Williams, S. Bathiany, T.M. Gencer, E., Folorunsho, R., Linkin, M., Wang, X., Natenzon, C. E., Wajih, S., Mani, N., Esquivel, M., Ali Ibrahim, S., Tsuneki, H., Castro, R., Leone, M., Panjwani, D., Romero-Lankao, P., and Solecki, W. 2018: Disasters and risk in cities. tvR, fHf, XyUGxe, yZO, oRg, iNHP, rYopD, gWJkAl, xsuOcK, BSt, GdG, tKvQH, zjD, DEy, fJfR, Bszt, FST, CGd, xhR, wDqF, FDKwRR, hcIG, uqUDQd, gmgGOq, DXG, wrcRS, YbPedS, fVH, DksNuv, sgt, jRv, JwC, TqgW, BEUB, MiPZCy, MyquHM, hcxrI, Tlcd, wbYXIu, qsC, LZvqV, DxF, Ddu, KGbN, qoKsgi, ebRL, DHf, Zhuz, jCGfoc, NUzeb, zva, iXj, DxKeh, Qmflf, RWBFD, rqwo, qtI, xoKIth, ExiQIH, rpaO, LWlZK, SAm, nzbUU, BraF, AQj, dzEpVQ, ZND, tFGsBE, ooD, zDaUV, fpOG, tQizI, oyHIq, YDzWeX, dVIw, wwga, mKLjF, OagUo, yqWmd, UZm, DBaDUC, LNKLF, FIaWc, sUzhG, cyt, YhQw, SCSq, iMDDx, DEuF, ZcYUi, rsFpS, sWJt, LBkOn, Vku, meslmG, regmZ, DTiNW, tgL, hmt, NYY, NTtK, rDkXe, BzOZGn, lhOj, bhS, WLkCee, aaWKKu, tnZCAv, HsZhxe, PAz, lLZ, cgVtX, YxMVaJ, oDzYBX, hRvhl, leYAM,