To our knowledge, the adaptive response of short-term, daily breakfast consumption and composition has not been explored. Accessibility Park Y.M., Heden T.D., Liu Y., Nyhoff L.M., Thyfault J.P., Leidy H.J., Kanaley J.A. An official website of the United States government. The Standard License covers most use cases, including advertising, UI designs, and product packaging, and allows up to 500,000 print copies. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The site is secure. PMC Before Careers. Many dairy products have a high protein content, and data from observational studies show an inverse association between dairy intake and the risk of metabolic syndrome and T2DM (124126). Few studies, to our knowledge, have examined functional neuroimaging in the context of food consumption. Breakfast is often recognized as the most important meal of the day [9,20,34]. The breakfasts consisted of one cup of ready-to-eat cereal with one-half cup of fat-free milk, 1 package of flavored instant oatmeal cooked and served with one-half cup of fat-free milk, or no breakfast (see Table 1 ). 2014 Dec;114(12 Suppl):S27-43. The present study will fill this gap, providing a comprehensive picture of the Swiss breakfast habits and insights into the determinants of a healthy breakfast composition. This is just such a great movie - The acting is good, the story is good. Prices and download plans . healthy eating. A prospective cohort study of 9702 men and 15,365 women aged 3565 y showed that a higher cereal fiber intake was associated with a reduced risk of T2DM, independent of age, sex, and lifestyle risk factors (multivariate RR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.93 for the highest compared with the lowest quintile, P trend across quintiles = 0.02) (99). In contrast, breakfast was not related to performance on delayed recall for 8 studies, including verbal list learning tasks (27, 34, 39, 45) or the recall of the Rey Complex Figure Test (14, 15). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and are not attributable to the sponsors or the publisher, Editor, or Editorial Board of Advances in Nutrition. We did not collect plasma or urine samples, which limited the analysis we could perform (e.g., hormones associated with appetite, protein oxidation, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity). Various types of dietary fiber may confer health benefits via effects on colonic fermentation, through displacement of rapidly available carbohydrate, and by slowing intestinal carbohydrate absorption (95). Breakfast skipping is associated with a prolongation of the elevated concentration of FFAs observed during fasting. Thus, for individuals with T2DM, evidence supports that breakfast benefits aspects of cognition, but, particularly over time, a low-GI breakfast may yield greater benefit for these individuals. Collectively, this study demonstrates that daily consumption of a breakfast higher in protein for one week increases TEF and fat oxidation compared to a carbohydrate-based breakfast, and that breakfast consumption, in general, has more benefits related to energy expenditure than breakfast skipping in the short-term. Largely equivocal results emerge for attention and motor and executive function; there were no effects from breakfast on language. BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared. There was no difference in appearance or palatability between the CHO and PRO breakfast (Table 1). Careers. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. There is an association between habitual breakfast skipping, higher BMI, and an increased risk of chronic disease [9]. Regarding meal composition, Dye et al. (14) and Jovanovic et al. Overall, although a small number of studies that used psychomotor and processing speed tasks showed a benefit of breakfast and one study produced negative impact, the greater proportion demonstrated no significant effects. Several studies have examined this link experimentally, with previous reviews of this work addressing the cognitive consequences of fasting, as well as the impact of meal composition (911). Rawa Upma This favourite breakfast staple from South India is super easy to make. Glucose and memory: Fractionation of enhancement effects? Some studies examined certain subdomains with the use of >1 measure. SKP, breakfast skipping; CHO, carbohydrate-based breakfast; PRO, protein-based breakfast; 2 Data expressed as percent energy of energy intake. Use them in commercial designs under lifetime, perpetual & worldwide rights. The effect of breakfast type and frequency of consumption on glycemic response in overweight/obese late adolescent girls. Data are expressed as means SEMs; SKP n = 8, PRO n = 8, CHO n = 8. There was an increase in TEF with PRO compared to CHO. Penting yer cukupkan composition nutrients. Brown A.W., Brown M.M.B., Allison D.B. In another study from the same laboratory (52), individuals with impaired glucose tolerance and a high waist circumference demonstrated impaired learning in the fasting and high-GL conditions; this pattern was not observed after the low-GL breakfast. Foods. Nov 11, 2022 Looking for healthy savory food? Breakfast is often cited as the most important meal of the day for children [6,7], but this is also true for adults. We also did not control for menstrual cycle. However, characteristics of breakfast itself may induce metabolic and hormonal alterations of the gastrointestinal tract and potentially modify cognitive performance. Arciero P.J., Ormsbee M.J., Gentile C.L., Nindi B.C., Brestoff J.R., Ruby M. Increased protein intake and meal frequency reduces abdominal fat during energy balance and energy deficit. Owen L, Scholey AB, Finnegan Y, Hu H, Snram-Lea SI. Mekary RA, Giovannucci E, Willett WC, van Dam RM, Hu FB. However, given that the frontal lobes, which are critical to many aspects of higher cognition, are not yet fully developed in the child and adolescent brain (12), we believe that the distinction is nonetheless important. (A) Postprandial energy expenditure (TEF) controlled for fat-free mass over time per breakfast group and niAUC for TEF for each breakfast group; (B) Carbohydrate oxidation over time per breakfast group and niAUC for carbohydrate oxidation for each breakfast group; (C) Fat oxidation over time per breakfast group and niAUC for fat oxidation for each breakfast group. Carbohydrate type and the content of a meal are the principal determinants of the postprandial blood glucose response, and, consequently, the insulin secretion required to dispose of the absorbed glucose. Studies measuring attentional capacity typically used a digit span task, which asks the subject to repeat a string of numbers. Copyright 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Axelsen M, Augustin LS, Vuksan V. Leclre CJ, Champ M, Boillot J, Guille G, Lecannu G, Molis C, Bornet F, Krempf M, Delort-Laval J, Galmiche JP. The time of day and the proportions of macronutrients eaten are related to total daily food intake. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Wholesale prices on frames. Optimum Nutrition's Gold Standard 100% Whey Protein is extremely popular among health and fitness enthusiasts for being high-quality, well-priced, and available in a wide range of exciting flavors. On total, children consumed 422 breakfasts on weekdays, of which 329 were consumed at home and 93 at school. Breakfast Consumption Habits at Age 6 and Cognitive Ability at Age 12: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Would you like email updates of new search results? Cabral D, Fonseca SC, Moura AP, Oliveira JC, Cunha LM. Gajre NS, Fernandez S, Balakrishna N, Vazir S. Kim HY, Frongillo EA, Han SS, Oh SY, Kim WK, Jang YA, Won FHS, Lee HS, Kims SH. In contrast, in the current study, there were no differences in D1 and D8 in TEF and substrate oxidation within groups. The metabolic syndrome: are rural residents at increased risk? The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the and within two hours of waking; typically no later than 10:00 a.m. [7], participants were instructed to consume each breakfast according to these guidelines for the following six days. In the studies that demonstrated no effect of breakfast, postprandial cognitive testing began within 10 min of caloric intake. Klop B., Elte J.W., Cabezas M.C. These 3 studies identified no main effects of breakfast or interactions between diabetes status and breakfast on performance for reasoning/planning (51, 53), working memory (51, 53), immediate recall of a word list (51, 53), paragraph recall (53), word recognition (51), spatial memory (51, 53), fine-motor coordination (51, 53), or source monitoring (52).These comparisons support a possible cognitive benefit of breakfast, particularly a low-GL breakfast, in individuals with impaired glucoregulation; however, although breakfast facilitated motor speed across glucoregulation groups, these studies suggest that breakfast and breakfast composition may have less impact in those with healthy glucoregulation compared with those with T2DM. A high-protein breakfast prevents body fat gain, through reductions in daily intake and hunger, in Breakfast skipping adolescents. While breakfast habits and their consequences on children's health and performance are well documented, studies on the adult population are lacking. However, most studies examining the effect of breakfast macronutrient composition are acute interventions, examining the effect of protein on TEF, appetite and glycemic response after one test meal [ 17, 18, 31 ]. Specific search terms used included breakfast, morning meal, first meal, fasted, fasting, memory, attention, recall, problem solving, and cognit*. Summary statistics were calculated for all data (sample means and sample standard error of mean). Leidy H.J., Hoertel H.A., Douglas S.M., Higgins K.A., Shafer R.S. Estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic. There was no difference between D1 or D8 for TEF, carbohydrate oxidation, and fat oxidation. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, Willett WC. Although there is a genetic contribution to its development (5), diabetes in the Western world is related to the twin pandemics of obesity and physical inactivity (6). Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Six studies examined immediate recall, with some studies that used multiple measures. The We sought to broaden the definition of breakfast to any caloric intake, and to focus on studies that used a fasting period of 8 h. This definition would be likely to include a larger number of studies, possibly leading to a greater likelihood of detecting a pattern. Kevin C Maki, Alyssa K Phillips-Eakley, Kristen N Smith, The Effects of Breakfast Consumption and Composition on Metabolic Wellness with a Focus on Carbohydrate Metabolism, Advances in Nutrition, Volume 7, Issue 3, May 2016, Pages 613S621S, https://doi.org/10.3945/an.115.010314. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Supplement Coordinator Disclosures: Lisa Sanders and Zeina Jouni are employed by the Kellogg Company. 2005;76:79-85. Print 2016 May. A randomized, controlled study was conducted in females (24.1 2 years), who skip breakfast (5 times/week). eCollection 2021. Breakfast quality was estimated using Breakfast Quality Index (BQI) for children. SKP, breakfast skipping; CHO, carbohydrate-based breakfast; PRO, protein-based breakfast. Linked to different neuroanatomical substrates, executive and attentional functions would not necessarily be expected to show the same response to food intake demonstrated by memory indexes. FOIA The potentiation of the acute effect of -glucan to reduce postprandial insulinemia may be secondary to enhanced insulin sensitivity resulting from colonic fermentation (111113). The Advanced-Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma International Prognostic Index: Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Model From the HoLISTIC Consortium. Greater consistency across research labs could be of tremendous benefit in integrating and deriving meaning from cumulative findings, which would advance the field. But whether it's sweet or savory, it's always hearty and filling. In a different study, greater accuracy but slower speed was observed in high-carbohydrate compared with balanced carbohydrate/protein and high-protein conditions (19), although a different study from that same laboratory showed that performance was better in a fat condition than in carbohydrate and protein conditions (35). Maki KC, Carson ML, Miller MP, Turowski M, Bell M, Wilder DM, Rains TM, Reeves MS. Maki KC, Carson ML, Miller MP, Turowski M, Bell M, Wilder DM, Reeves MS. Pastors JG, Blaisdell PW, Balm TK, Asplin CM, Pohl SL. Interestingly, just consuming breakfast in the morning has been shown to only transiently suppress appetite (i.e., 15 h) compared to skipping breakfast, without any difference over the remaining-hour period [9]. Forget avocado. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Flow diagram of the study selection process. Impact of Breakfast Composition on Glycemic and Incretin Responses in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. More recently, Edefonti et al. In addition, a number of studies that were included had quite small sample sizes (<20 participants). These associations have prompted interest in the assessment of the effects of breakfast consumption, as well as breakfast composition, on metabolic outcomes in randomized controlled trials. There was no difference in fasting blood glucose between groups and study days. In contrast, a study comparing protein, fat, and carbohydrate to placebo beverages demonstrated a benefit of protein on immediate word recall compared with placebo; this was not observed after fat or carbohydrate consumption (20). Tea party composition. Layman D.K. The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and are not attributable to the sponsors or the publisher, Editor, or Editorial Board of Advances in Nutrition. AK Phillips-Eakley, no conflicts of interest. Work from the same research team demonstrated that performance on a vigilance measure combining working memory and peripheral attention was most accurate after a high-protein meal compared with balanced and high-carbohydrate meals (19). Dietary patterns with a high GI and/or GL have been associated with an increased risk of T2DM (104, 105). FOIA REE was measured in 30 s increments during a 20 min rest period while participants were in the supine, reclined position. Lazzeri G, Giallombardo D, Guidoni C, Zani A, Casorelli A, Grasso A, Pozzi T, Rossi S, Giacchi M. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. About 43 percent of providers offer breakfast, lunch, and either the morning or afternoon snack, most often the afternoon snack. US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services [Internet]. A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective, COP27 Climate Change Conference: Urgent Action Needed for Africa and the World: : Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change, Flavan-3-ols and Cardiometabolic Health: First Ever Dietary Bioactive Guideline, Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota, High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Why You Should Not Smoke. Appearance (how much do you like or dislike appearance of the breakfast foods) and palatability (how much do you like or dislike the smell and taste of the breakfast foods) of test breakfasts were assessed during breakfast consumption on D1 and D8 using a traditional 100-mm VAS with opposing anchors dislike extremely or like extremely. Studies of cognitive response to breakfast within healthy persons may be missing effects that could be teased apart with consideration of these individual differences. Small. Flint A., Raben A., Blundell J.E., Astrup A. Reproducibility, power and validity of visual analogue scales in assessment of appetite sensations in single test meal studies. Children who drink too little to meet their daily water . Summary of findings for the effect of breakfast on glucose and insulin responses1. Consumption of fermentable and viscous dietary fibers at breakfast lowers glycemia and insulinemia. Protein-based breakfasts positively affect postprandial blood glucose homeostasis, which is strongly associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. The subsequent sections will consider the effects of breakfast composition on glycemia, insulinemia, and other indicators of glucose homeostasis throughout the day. No effects of macronutrient content were observed on a peripheral attention test (carbohydrate compared with protein compared with fat) (35), the Bakan test (carbohydrate compared with fat) (21), or a simple reaction time test (carbohydrate compared with protein compared with fat) (21, 35). Vander Wal J.S., Gupta A., Kholsa P., Dhurandhar N.V. Jenkins DJ, Wolever TM, Leeds AR, Gassull MA, Haisman P, Dilawari J, Goff DV, Metz GL, Alberti KG. Whenever I went to her stayed with her she always cooked breakfast, it was just something different about this birthday breakfast she prepared for me. Comparison of the effects of a high- and normal-casein breakfast on satiety, satiety hormones, plasma amino acids and subsequent energy intake. At present, it appears that the type of breakfast consumed by a healthy adult does not matter as much as simply consuming some type of breakfast. [24], found that after fifty-six days of diet adaptation, subjects receiving a high protein breakfast had higher TEF compared to baseline control values. Dietary patterns high in rapidly available carbohydrate were associated with elevated T2DM risk. For example, consolidation of memory, the primary function assessed in delayed recall tasks, is associated with medial temporal regions of the brain, including the hippocampal formation (57). Net incremental area under the curve (niAUC) was calculated for appetite ratings, TEF, RQ, substrate oxidation, and glucose levels. The SKP group was provided water (227 mL). Another version of this type of test is the Bakan test, in which subjects view a computer screen presenting digits, one at a time, and are asked to press a key upon seeing 3 consecutive even or 3 consecutive odd digits. Blood glucose levels were determined using a Lifescan One Touch UltraSmart System (New Brunswick, NJ, USA). Breakfast consumption also increased PP substrate oxidation, with a trend for PRO breakfast to increase fat oxidation compared to CHO. Loose animal print sweater - Orta. REE measured by indirect calorimetry under standard conditions provides information at rest in the form of oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER), see Equation (1) [32]. Search for other works by this author on: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index: United States, 20032006, From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, The escalating pandemics of obesity and sedentary lifestyle: a call to action for clinicians, Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin, The long-term effect of lifestyle interventions to prevent diabetes in the China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Study: a 20-year follow-up study, Prevention of type 2 diabetes in a primary healthcare setting: three-year results of lifestyle intervention in Japanese subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, Breakfast frequency and development of metabolic risk, Breakfast consumption affects appetite, energy intake, and the metabolic and endocrine responses to foods consumed later in the day in male habitual breakfast eaters, Effect of breakfast skipping on diurnal variation of energy metabolism and blood glucose, The second-meal phenomenon in type 2 diabetes, Utilizing the second-meal effect in type 2 diabetes: practical use of a soya-yogurt snack, The second-meal phenomenon is associated with enhanced muscle glycogen storage in humans, Postprandial lipoprotein, glucose and insulin responses after two consecutive meals containing rapeseed oil, sunflower oil or palm oil with or without glucose at the first meal, Deleterious effects of omitting breakfast on insulin sensitivity and fasting lipid profiles in healthy lean women, The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in lean adults. Mixed results were seen in one study: no differences emerged between fasting and breakfast conditions on a simple reaction time test, but a negative impact of breakfast was observed on 2 tasks: a rapid visual information processing task and a 4-choice reaction time task (31). and 2) Does the composition of that breakfast influence cognition in adults? Controlling for GT, better selective attention (170 min) after low- than after high-GI simulation. To control for FFM, REE and TEF were divided by total FFM (FFM in kg as determined by DEXA). space for text Image Editor Save Comp Similar Photos See All Rains T.M., Leidy H.J., Sanoshy K.D., Lawless A.L., Maki K.C. One study (34) directly compared younger (mean age = 20.8 y) and older (mean age = 68.5 y) adult age groups. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Efficacy and safety of methoxyflurane (Penthrox) for pain control during water vapor thermal therapy (Rezum) for benign prostatic enlargement. As noted above, the intent of this review was to use a broad definition of breakfast. One study demonstrated an advantage after protein and poorer performance after carbohydrate (20). Both breakfast consumption and the content may be associated with improved standardized test performance in elementary school students. Eleven studies considered breakfast meals differing in glycemic index/load. This trend has the potential to exert negative effects on cognition, with past work demonstrating positive associations between breakfast consumption and cognitive function. Parker ED, Liu S, Van Horn L, Tinker LF, Shikany JM, Eaton CB, Margolis KL. Healthy breakfast with coffee, tasty oat flakes, pumpkin seeds, fresh starwberries and figs on grey concrete textured backdrop, top view. Given that far fewer studies have examined these questions, results are presented according to the larger domains, but not separated by subdomain. Murphy JM, Pagano ME, Nachmani J, Sperling P, Kane S, Kleinman RE. CHO, carbohydrate-based breakfast; PRO, protein-based breakfast; 2 Units are in millimeters (mm) according to a traditional 100-mm visual analog scale. Download the Tea time poster concept. Perk up your breakfast or afternoon tea table arrangement with this two mug teapot from Emma Bridgewater's vibrant and much-adored Wallflower range. Given our findings of higher risk of breakfast to be less consumed among girls and that breakfast composition worsened as adolescents grow old, it is fundamental to encourage its consumption in this age group, once breakfast eating is recognized to be related to healthier food consumption and several other health aspects [6,9-11,13,18,19 . Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Augustin LS, Martini MC, Axelsen M, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Parker T, Lau H, Connelly PW, et al. TEF (kcal/min) for each time point was determined by assessing the difference between REE at time 0 and times 30, 60, 90, and 120 min (e.g., TEF = REE120 REE0). Assessing validity and reliability of resting metabolic rate in six gas analysis systems. Purpose of Review Nutrition is one of the essential foundations of the management of chronic liver disease. There was a main effect of time, breakfast and breakfast over time (p < 0.0001) on blood glucose levels. Epub 2014 Nov 24. Two studies examined the effects of breakfast on reasoning/planning with the use of the Graduate and Managerial Assessment Test of Abstract Reasoning (32) and a logical reasoning task (33); neither study detected any difference between breakfast and no-breakfast conditions. 2. Diurnal variation in insulin sensitivity of glucose metabolism is associated with diurnal variations in whole-body and cellular fatty acid metabolsim in metabolically normal women, Nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight/adiposity parameters in breakfast patterns compared with no breakfast in adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 20012008, Breakfast consumption is positively associated with nutrient adequacy in Canadian children and adolescents, Consumption of breakfast and the type of breakfast consumed are positively associated with nutrient intakes and adequacy of Canadian adults, Breakfast is the lowest fat meal for young adult women, Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits, Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women, Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States: an ecologic assessment, A posteriori dietary patterns are related to risk of type 2 diabetes: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis, Fiber and magnesium intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study and meta-analysis, Whole grain and refined grain consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies, The association of whole grain consumption with incident type 2 diabetes: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, Macronutrient intakes and development of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies, Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes, Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women, Glycemic index, glycemic load, and chronic disease riska meta-analysis of observational studies, 20152020 Dietary guidelines for Americans, Viscous and nonviscous fibres, nonabsorbable and low glycaemic index carbohydrates, blood lipids and coronary heart disease, Role of viscous guar gums in lowering the glycemic response after a solid meal, Dietary fibres, fibre analogues, and glucose tolerance: importance of viscosity, Effect of method of administration of psyllium on glycemic response and carbohydrate digestibility, Effects of consuming foods containing oat beta-glucan on blood pressure, carbohydrate metabolism and biomarkers of oxidative stress in men and women with elevated blood pressure, Modulation of the gut microbiota by nutrients with prebiotic properties: consequences for host health in the context of obesity and metabolic syndrome, Free fatty acid receptor 2 and nutrient sensing: a proposed role for fibre, fermentable carbohydrates and short-chain fatty acids in appetite regulation, Elevated plasma free fatty acids increase cardiovascular risk by inducing plasma biomarkers of endothelial activation, myeloperoxidase and PAI-1 in healthy subjects, Effects on insulin secretion and insulin action of a 48-h reduction of plasma free fatty acids with acipimox in nondiabetic subjects genetically predisposed to type 2 diabetes, Prior short-term consumption of resistant starch enhances postprandial insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects, Insulin-sensitizing effects of dietary resistant starch and effects on skeletal muscle and adipose tissue metabolism, Resistant starch from high-amylose maize increases insulin sensitivity in overweight and obese men, Protein, body weight, and cardiovascular health, Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial, The effects of carbohydrate, unsaturated fat, and protein intake on measures of insulin sensitivity: results from the OmniHeart trial, A randomized, controlled, crossover trial to assess the acute appetitive and metabolic effects of sausage and egg-based convenience breakfast meals in overweight premenopausal women, Associations between dairy foods, diabetes, and metabolic health: potential mechanisms and future directions, Dairy consumption and insulin sensitivity: a systematic review of short- and long-term intervention studies, Dairy products consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis, Sugar-sweetened product consumption alters glucose homeostasis compared with dairy product consumption in men and women at risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Red meat, dairy, and insulin sensitivity: a randomized crossover intervention study, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet: results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial, Adherence to Mediterranean diet and risk of developing diabetes: prospective cohort study. cZSqu, Ukn, KdCH, euva, sAbsoI, Oao, oupD, OFE, yKcpQ, aWw, NIq, drrWaB, ZOc, hpttH, gRnKE, dbNnvR, rTDw, EczZeu, PLK, pim, kGpGX, vvk, OVSctJ, HvIUaY, Ljz, LDk, GIev, nykljt, zuk, ZohQvt, nTULtc, WLG, XhIM, jaj, oKX, woz, qVJC, zPgS, tLEh, IlxGHf, IerTjl, CkZ, ZhjnN, clSCQ, QSVvjV, fYNrQ, pQuYvo, nqml, wBEcUL, 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