( c) 3D reconstruction of CT scan for visualization of trochlear dysplasia. This treatment is a new form of regenerative medicine currently being used to enhance the healing of various musculoskeletal system injuries, involving cartilages, tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bones. 9, No. 15, No. ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. The typical injury pattern is a tear of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) and bone bruises of the patella and the lateral femoral condyle. This is her third dislocation in the last 6 months. lateralization of the tibial tuberosity: femorotibial malrotation, abnormal muscle tone, vastus medialis atrophy, ligament or retinaculum injury or laxity (, edema/hemorrhage of vastus medialis muscle, medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Is Superolateral Hoffa Fat Pad Edema a Consequence of Impingement between Lateral Femoral Condyle and Patellar Ligament? 6, Knee Surgery & Related Research, Vol. Patellar apprehension and mobility should be assessed by medial and lateral patellar translation. In the acute and subacute setting MRI displays features of lateral patellar dislocation as: Moreover, MRI can indicate risk factors such as trochlear dysplasia, patella alta and patellar translation for which all different measurements exist, such as: Nearly half of the patients with first-time dislocation will sustain recurrent dislocation after conservative management. 19, No. Editorial Commentary: Real-Time Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Patellofemoral Joint: Ready for Prime Time? 26, No. Transient Patellar Dislocation - MSK Radiology Imaging Findings: Hyperintense marrow edema of the anterolateral femoral condyle consistent with bone contusion. 203, No. Objective assessment of patellar maltracking with 3T dynamic magnetic resonance imaging: feasibility of a robust and reliable measuring technique. Tears of the anterior cruciate ligament: primary and secondary signs at MR imaging. 50, No. Wolfe S, Varacallo M, Thomas JD, Carroll JJ, Kahwaji CI. results: grades of patellar abnormality, based on findings in the enthesial region at mr imaging, correlated with signs of increasing fibrovascular repair: grade 1 (n = 4), enhancing area adjacent to patellar apex, with marginal zone of intermediate signal intensity, and a patellar apical chondral-bone avulsion; grade 2 (n = 5), same signs as 97, No. 34, No. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2004;32(5):1114-21. Patellofemoral instability. Common radiological parameters were measured using static MRI, and correlations were calculated. X-rays may be used to. 1, Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. Most patients with patellar instability are young and active individuals, especially females in the second decade. 20, No. Dynamic mediolateral patellar translation (dMPT) and dynamic patellar tilt (dPT) were measured on two occasions by two independent examiners. 7, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. Hinckel B, Gobbi R, Filho E et al. Fithian D, Paxton E, Stone M et al. Neither dMPT nor dPT was correlated with height, BMI, or patellar diameter. Dynamic mediolateral patellar translation is a size- and sex-independent parameter for proximal patellar tracking. 2, International Orthopaedics, Vol. 21, No. PATELLAR ALIGNMENT Patellar Orientation T his is the aspect of patello-femoral alignment most commonly evaluated by physical therapists. Epidemiology and Natural History of Acute Patellar Dislocation. Subscribe now (individual subscription: $237.00), (This functionality works only for purchases made as a guest), Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology, Vol. 36, No. 24, No. Diagnosis is made clinically in the acute setting with a patellar dislocation with a traumatic knee effusion and in chronic settings with passive patellar translation and a positive J sign. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 5, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org (Accessed on 11 Dec 2022) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-44662, {"containerId":"expandableQuestionsContainer","displayRelatedArticles":true,"displayNextQuestion":true,"displaySkipQuestion":true,"articleId":44662,"questionManager":null,"mcqUrl":"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/patellar-translation-tt-tg-distance/questions/2392?lang=us"}. Results: Radiographics. 1, 11 October 2016 | RadioGraphics, Vol. 4, Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, Vol. Epub 2019 Dec 13. This image shows a laterally displaced patella without apparent fracture ( Fig. 4, Korean Journal of Radiology, Vol. In females, the patellar diameters and intercondylar distances were significantly smaller than in males (P < .001). 21, No. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors evaluated radiographs and MR images from . Normal dPT showed a dependency on sex and was 1.3 2.9 (.4-2.1) in women and -0.2 3.8 (-1.2-0.9) in men. 37, No. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is reliable in identifying risk factors for chronic patellar instability and in assessing knee joint damage associated with patellar dislocation. (OBQ19.184) Radiological parameters for patellar maltracking were within the normal range. 26, No. An athlete sustains a traumatic patellar dislocation. 11, Clinics in Sports Medicine, Vol. The measurements are used to quantify patellar instability. 6, Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. ADVERTISEMENT: Supporters see fewer/no ads, Please Note: You can also scroll through stacks with your mouse wheel or the keyboard arrow keys. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 6. 2013;41(1):51-7. 38, No. Dynamic mediolateral patellar translation is a size- and sex-independent parameter for proximal patellar tracking. ( a) Right lower extremity CT showing a supratrochlear spur, patellar ossicle, and abnormal femoral rotation. 3, Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, Vol. Which of the following best describes the radiographic landmarks on a lateral radiograph for locating the femoral attachment of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) during reconstruction? The typical MR imaging findings after patellar dislocation, the assessment of predisposing anatomic factors, and current surgical procedures are discussed and illustrated. 30, No. The intersection of a line extended from the middle of the shaft and Blumensaat's line, Anterior to a line extended from the middle of the shaft and Blumensaat's line, Posterior to a line extended from the posterior cortex of the shaft and distal to Blumensaat's line, Anterior to a line extended from the posterior cortex of the shaft and distal to Blumensaat's line, Anterior to a line extended from the posterior cortex of the shaft and proximal to Blumensaat's line. 41, No. 50, No. had normal tracking patterns; 41 (82 %) had increased lateral translation in extension, which we . 48, No. Would you like email updates of new search results? Patients with primary patellar dislocation without severe internal derangement who lack major risk factors can be treated conservatively. 205, No. 44, No. Check for errors and try again. In the acute and subacute setting MRI displays features of lateral patellar dislocation as: knee joint effusion medial patellofemoral ligament tear bone contusions or cartilage injuries of the medial patella facet and lateral femoral condyle edema/hemorrhage of vastus medialis muscle intra-articular fragments Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine 2010;30(4):961-81. 2, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. 47, No. How is patellar subluxation diagnosed? 6, No. 9, Clinics in Sports Medicine, Vol. In healthy individuals without patellofemoral abnormalities normal dMPT proximal to the trochlea groove was 1.7 2.5 (1.2-2.2) mm, independent of size or sex. 3. Since 1985, he has also been on staff at Scarborough Grace Hospital (now The . 2014;96(4):318-24. 24, No. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Prevalence of Lateral Patellofemoral Maltracking and Associated Complications in Patients with Osgood Schlatter Disease. 2, Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia (English Edition), Vol. 3, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, Vol. Canal S, Tamburro R, Falerno I, Signore FD, Simeoni F, De Pasquale F, De Bonis A, Maraone A, Paolini A, Bianchi A, Rosto M, Vignoli M. Animals (Basel). 28, No. 12, Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Vol. Enter your email address below and we will send you your username, If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username. 1, 13 November 2018 | RadioGraphics, Vol. Because of the transient and brief nature of lateral patellar dislocations, the diagnosis is frequently unrecognized by both patients and clinicians. Am J Sports Med. Mean height was 170.1 7.7 cm in women and 181.8 6.4 cm in men. 7. Link, Google Scholar; 12 Tung GA, Davis LM, Wiggins ME, Fadale PD. . The aim of the surgery is to repair the knee damage caused by patellar dislocation and to correct the primary anatomical anomaly. Anterior tibial translocation, when measured at the midsagittal plane of the lateral femoral condyle with regard to a plane parallel to the cephalocaudal axis of the image, was a relatively specific indicator of ACL disruption. 1, Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. (OBQ12.72) Treatment is nonoperative with bracing for first time dislocation without bony avulsion or presence of articular loose bodies. 2. 2, Journal of Orthopaedic Science, Vol. 2, International Orthopaedics, Vol. What is the most likely diagnosis? Radiology 1993;188(3):661-667. 22, No. The authors thank the artist, Mrs. Stephanie Kreutzer, Charit Campus Mitte, Universittsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany, for the drawings. 22, No. Imaging findings Prior to reduction, the patient had one-view imaging of the right knee. 213, No. 38, No. Characterization of patellar maltracking using dynamic kinematic CT imaging in patients with patellar instability. 1, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Vol. For comprehensive assessment of patellar dislocation, a radiologist should be able to identify typical injury patterns, know standard methods to assess risk factors for patellar instability, and be familiar with surgical options. 3, World Journal of Methodology, Vol. 1From the Department of Radiology (G.D., A.S.I.) 2021;50(7):1399-409. Log-in above or renew your membership today. The definition of maltracking refers to the dynamic malpositioning of the patella within the trochlear groove that occurs during active range of motion of the knee. 6, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. A high school softball player has chronic activity-related anterior knee pain without a history of instability. (OBQ07.30) The medial patellofemoral ligament has intrinsic signal and is disrupted at the anterior patella . She completed 6 weeks of physical therapy following her first dislocation. 28, No. One hundred knees of healthy individuals with no history of patellofemoral symptoms were scanned with dynamic MRI sequences, during repetitive cycles of flexion (40) and full extension. 206, No. The measurements are used to quantify patellar instability. Am J Sports Med. 22, No. 2023 Bobby Menges Memorial HSS Limb Reconstruction Course, Medial Retinacular Plication (Modified Insall ), MPFL Reconstruction - Pediatric and Adolescent, Type in at least one full word to see suggestions list, Orthopaedic Summit Evolving Techniques 2021, Correcting Femoral Torsion & Version With A Femoral Osteotomy: Not So Hard, Let Me Share My Experience - Robert Buly, MD, MS, Commentary: Let My Experience Speak - David R. Diduch, MD, Pro: MPFL Reconstruction Nothing More, Keep It Simple, Safe & Effective - Jason Koh, MD, MBA, Patellar Dislocation with Loose Chondral Fragment and Medial Facet Fx, Patella dislocation with large loosebody in 25M. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Prior to joining X-Ray Associates in 2007, Dr. Chan served on staff at St. Michael's Hopsital as an Interventional Radiologist from 2001 to 2007 and as an Assistant Professor at the University of Toronto from 2004-2007. Radiological technology is the production of medical images, commonly called X-rays, of internal organs and structures. Skeletal Radiol. 22, No. Bookshelf Palpation is important in detecting areas of retinacular tenderness and soft tissue injury. 40, No. Clin Sports Med. Which of the following is the most likely site of injury seen on MRI? 7, HSS Journal: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery, Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery, Vol. . Abstract. -. Patellar translation can be measured using the tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove distance (TT-TG distance) by calculating the transverse length between the trochlear groove on the femur and tibial tuberosity on axial images. 5 Athleticum, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, . The above video demonstrates the mechanism of injury in patellar dislocation. 3. Hinckel B, Gobbi R, Filho E et al. Giovannetti de Sanctis E, Mesnard G, Dejour D. Trochlear Dysplasia: When and How to Correct. knee to knee collision in basketball, or football helmet to side of knee, between medial epicondyle and adductor tubercle, is primary restraint in first 20 degrees of knee flexion, patellar-femoral bony structures account for stability in deeper knee flexion, trochlear groove morphology, patella height, patellar tracking, May occur from a direct blow (ex. 6, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. Patellar Instability Radiology Radiographs: Radiographs are necessary to identify fracture, loose bodies, arthritis, malalignment and abnormal anatomy. Copyright 2022 Lineage Medical, Inc. All rights reserved. 1, Chinese Journal of Traumatology, Vol. (OBQ11.188) sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal A 22-year-old female sustained a lateral patellar dislocation while playing intramural soccer. Epub 2016 Jun 29. 9.9. 10, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. MeSH The skyline view can show decreased trochlear depth and a large sulcus angle (>144). 211, No. Sci Rep. 2020 Oct 8;10(1):16770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72332-9. This is an AAOS Self Assessment Exam (SAE) question. Unable to process the form. 56, No. tight ITB and vastus lateralis), acute dislocation usually associated with a large hemarthrosis, absence of swelling supports ligamentous laxity and habitual dislocation mechanism, measured in quadrants of translation (midline of patella is considered "0"), and also should be compared to contralateral side, normal motion is <2 quadrants of patellar translation, lateral translation of medial border of patella to lateral edge of trochlear groove is considered "2" quadrants and is considered abnormal amount of translation, passive lateral translation results in guarding and a sense of apprehension, excessive lateral translation in extension which "pops" into groove as the patella engages the trochlea early in flexion, trochlear groove lies in same plane as anterior border of lateral condyle, anterior border of lateral condyle lies anterior to anterior border of medial condyle, represents convex trochlear groove/hypoplastic medial condyle, Blumensaat's line should extend to inferior pole of the patella at 30 degrees of knee flexion, angle between line along subchondral bone of lateral trochlear facet + posterior femoral condyles, values > 140 degrees indicate flattening of the trochlea concerning for dysplasia, measures the distance between 2 perpendicular lines from the posterior cortex to the tibial tubercle and the trochlear groove, help further rule out suspected loose bodies, osteochondral lesion and/or bone bruising, tear usually at medial femoral epicondyle, NSAIDS, activity modification, and physical therapy, mainstay of treatment for first time patellar dislocator, without any loose bodies or intraarticular damage, short-term immobilization for comfort followed by 6 weeks of controlled motion, closed chain short arc quadriceps exercises, core and hip strengthening to improve limb positioning and balance (hip abductors, gluteals, and abdominals), displaced osteochondral fractures or loose bodies, may be an indication for operative treatment in a first-time dislocator, arthroscopic vs open removal versus repair of the osteochondral fragment, primary repair with screws or pins if sufficient bone available for fixation, first time dislocation with bony fragment, direct repair when surgery can be done within first few days, no clinical studies support this over nonoperative treatment, MPFL reconstruction with autograft vs allograft, gracilis or semitendinosus commonly used (stronger than native MPFL), femoral origin can be reliably found radiographically (Schottle point), a femoral tunnel positoined too proximally results in graft that is too tight ("high and tight"), severe trochlear dysplasia is the most important predictor of residual patellofemoral instability after isolated MPFL reconstruction, Fulkerson-type osteotomy (anterior and med, may be used in addition to MPFL or in isolation for significant malalignment, anteromedialized displacement of osteotomy and fixation, correct TT-TG to 10-15mm (never less than 10mm), distal displacement of osteotomy and fixation, isolated release no longer indicated for instability, only indicated if there is excessive lateral tilt or tightness after medialization, rarely addressed (in the USA) even if trochlear dysplasia present, arthroscopic or open trochlear deepening procedure, do not do tibial tubercle osteotomy (will harm growth plate of proximal tibia), redislocation rates with nonoperative treatment may be high (15-50%) at 2-5 years, recurrence rate is highest in those patients who sustain a primary dislocation, almost exclusively iatrogenic as a result of prior patellar stabilization surgery. For which of the following clinical scenarios is nonoperative management with bracing and physical therapy (PT) best indicated? Am J Sports Med. Accessibility 98, No. Within a 30-seconds time-frame, three simultaneous, transverse slices were acquired. 2, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, Vol. 20 Acutely, osteochondral and chondral fractures of the medial facet of the patella and/or the lateral femoral condyle can be a common finding on radiographs, MRI, ultrasound, arthroscopy, and open procedures (). Dr. Jonathan Chung has joined X-Ray Associates, January, 2021. 17, No. 84, No. 4, Medicinos teorija ir praktika, Vol. and the Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery (S.S.), Charit-Universittsmedizin Berlin, Campus Charit Mitte, Charitplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. PRP is obtained from your blood by . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Increased Patellar Volume/Width and Decreased Femoral Trochlear Width Are Associated With Adolescent Patellofemoral Pain. 193, No. The ensuing loss of medial restraint favors future patellar dislocations, especially if additional risk factors are present. Skeletal Radiol. Enter your email address below and we will send you the reset instructions. 24, No. Which of the following factors is associated with the highest risk of persistent patellar instability? (OBQ04.46) 3, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America, Vol. Additionally, complex injuries to bone, cartilage, and ligaments may occur. 24, No. 25, No. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 12, No. Skeletal Radiol. 22-year-old female with multiple previous dislocations, the MRI findings in Figure A, and a tibial tubercle-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance of 26 mm, 22-year-old female with the MRI findings in Figure B and a TT-TG distance of 18 mm, 13-year-old female with no prior history of knee injury and the MRI findings in Figure A, 13-year-old female with no prior history of knee injury and the MRI findings in Figure B, 13-year-old female with multiple previous dislocations despite PT and the MRI findings in Figure A. government site. 1, Korean Journal of Radiology, Vol. 2002; 225:736-743. doi . 27, No. Patients with pronounced ligamentous tears or large osteochondral lesions require prompt surgery. 11, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. 49, No. 5, No. 7, No. Acute patellar dislocation accounts for 2% to 3% of all knee injuries 1 and is the second most common cause of traumatic knee hemarthrosis. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies injury patterns of medial patellar soft-tissue restraints and osteochondral injuries of the inferomedial patella. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 12, Journal de Radiologie Diagnostique et Interventionnelle, Vol. Plateau-patella angle normal between 20 and 30 degrees Sunrise/Merchant views best to assess for lateral patellar tilt lateral patellofemoral angle (normal is an angle that opens laterally) angle between line along subchondral bone of lateral trochlear facet + posterior femoral condyles normal > 11 congruence angle (normal is -6 degrees) If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to reset your password. 04, Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Vol. 32, No. 5, Journal of Orthopaedic Science, Vol. 5, Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, Vol. Level II, diagnostic study. Midsubstance oblique retinacular ligament rupture, Soft-tissue avulsion of medial patellofemoral ligament, Midsubstance medial patellofemoral ligament rupture, Bony avulsion of medial patellofemoral ligament. First-time patellar dislocation typically occurs with twisting knee motions, during which the medial ligamentous stabilizers rupture, and the patella strikes against the lateral femoral condyle. Surgical replacement of the knee joint, also called total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total knee replacement, is considered the definitive treatment for symptomatic end-stage osteoarthritis of the knee [].Of the 11 million adults in the United States who have been estimated to have this diagnosis, 4 million have undergone a knee replacement [].A projected 700,000 primary TKA procedures were . 9, No. The site is secure. 3, Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia, Vol. S1, Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, Vol. 100 knees (53 right, 47 left; age: 26.7 4.4 years; BMI: 22.5 3.1) of 57 individuals (27 females, 30 males) were included. Development of Real-Time Kinematic Magnetic Resonance Imaging (kMRI) Techniques for Studying the Kinematics of the Spine and Joints in Dogs-Preliminary Study on Cadavers. Are the Osseous and Tendinous-Cartilaginous Tibial Tuberosity-Trochlear Groove Distances the Same on CT and MRI? 8. Skeletal Radiol. 4, Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, Vol. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Radiographs reveal a patellar dislocation. He is a graduate of the University of Toronto - Hon Bsc (physics) 1977 and MD 1981. A short presentation on the practical issues related to the patellofemoral joint (subluxation, dislocation and incongruence) and chondromalacia Bhavin Jankharia Follow Doctor Advertisement Recommended Patella dislocations Dr Gandhi Kota Patello femoral jt. 68, No. You recommend reconstruction of her medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) given her recurrent instability. Patellar instability is a condition characterized by patellar subluxation or dislocation episodes as a result of injury, ligamentous laxity or increased Q angle of the knee. 2022;41(1):77-88. 3, Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, Vol. Patellar translation can be measured using the tibial-tuberosity to trochlear groove distance (TT-TG distance) by calculating the transverse length between the trochlear groove on the femur and tibial tuberosity on axial images. Intra- and interrater reliability were excellent for dMPT and dPT. Surgical replacement of the knee, also called total knee arthroplasty (TKA), is one of the most successful and cost-effective interventions in modern medicine [], but TKA is not without risk or complication.As a major surgical procedure typically performed on older patients, who often have comorbid conditions, TKA is subject to both immediate and delayed complications and failures. First-time patellar dislocation typically occurs with twisting knee motions, during which the medial ligamentous stabilizers rupture, and the patella strikes against the lateral femoral condyle. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. 2. Radiology 1994;193(3):829-834. There is also a bone contusion of the inferomedial patella. MR imaging can thus provide important information for individually tailored treatment. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Jha P, Feger J, Knipe H, et al. helmet to knee collision in football), Pathology is usually proximal (e.g. Patellar instability symptoms were correlated with maltracking severity. 97, No. 4 Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Recurrent patellar dislocations usually occur in individuals with anatomic variants of the patellar stabilizers, such as trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, and lateralization of the tibial tuberosity. Arthroscopy. 20, No. 4, Singapore Medical Journal, Vol. 5. In addition, surgical correction of anatomic variants will help reduce the potential for chronic instability. 7, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. Fig. RSNA members have free access to all RadioGraphics content. 4, American Journal of Roentgenology, Vol. First-time patellar dislocation typically occurs with twisting knee motions, during which the medial ligamentous stabilizers rupture, and the patella strikes against the lateral femoral condyle. 2, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. Patellofemoral instability or maltracking is the clinical syndrome due to morphologic abnormalities in the patellofemoral joint where the patella is prone to recurrent lateral dislocation. 2011;40(4):375-87. 2018 Dec;476(12):2334-2343. doi: 10.1097/CORR.0000000000000499. Measurement Superimpose axial images of: femoral condyles Which radiographic measurement is used to indicate when a lateral retinacular release may be helpful? Link, Google Scholar 66.1 ). 2022, The American Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol. 1, American Journal of Roentgenology, Vol. (OBQ07.112) exorotation of the tibia relative to the femur) while the foot is planted and the knee is flexed. dynamic MRI; maltracking; normal values; patella; patellofemoral; tracking. Primarily, CT is useful to assess the anterior tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, of which an abnormal measurement is an indication of patellar instability. "Double contour sign" is a double line at the anterior aspect of condyles and is seen if the medial condyle is hypoplastic. 12, Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal, Vol. 142, No. Anish Choudhary Ankle joint radiography Nikhil Murkey Habitual dislocation of patella 3, AMEI's Current Trends in Diagnosis & Treatment, Vol. 9, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine, Vol. The anteroposterior AP radiograph rarely provides any information regarding patellofemoral problems. 2020 Feb;48(2):341-350. doi: 10.1177/0363546519889347. 9, No. Clin Orthop Surg. This measurement has historically been performed utilizing axial computed tomography (CT). 41, No. (SAE08AN.85) {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, Brown N, Foster T, Elena B, et al. 6, American Journal of Roentgenology, Vol. 3, RFo - Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Rntgenstrahlen und der bildgebenden Verfahren, Vol. 1, Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Vol. An official website of the United States government. Patella alta: association with patellofemoral alignment and changes in contact area during weight-bearing, Reliability and interobserver variability in radiological patellar height ratios, Patellar height measurement in trochlear dysplasia, MR imaging of Baker cysts: association with internal derangement, effusion, and degenerative arthropathy, The patellotrochlear index: a new index for assessing patellar height, Radiographic and computed tomographic analysis of the position of the tibial tubercle in recurrent dislocation and subluxation of the patella, The tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance: a comparative study between CT and MRI scanning, Femoral avulsion of the medial patellofemoral ligament after primary traumatic patellar dislocation predicts subsequent instability in men: a mean 7-year nonoperative follow-up study, The abnormal lateral patellofemoral angle: a diagnostic roentgenographic sign of recurrent patellar subluxation, Arthroscopic treatment of acute patellar dislocations, Fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo MR imaging of hyaline cartilage defects in the knee: comparison with standard MR imaging and arthroscopy, Accuracy of fat-suppressed three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo FLASH MR imaging in the detection of patellofemoral articular cartilage abnormalities, MRI of patellar articular cartilage: evaluation of an optimized gradient echo sequence (3D-DESS), Clinical magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage, Imaging of patellar cartilage with a 2D multiple-echo data image combination sequence, Medial patellar ossification after patellar instability: a radiographic finding indicative of prior patella subluxation/dislocation, Medial retinacular complex injury in acute patellar dislocation: MR findings and surgical implications, Knee effusion: normal distribution of fluid, Acute dislocation of the patella: a correlative pathoanatomic study, Current concepts of lateral patella dislocation, Isolated repair of the medial patellofemoral ligament in primary dislocation of the patella: a prospective randomized study, Arthroscopic surgery for primary traumatic patellar dislocation: a prospective, nonrandomized study comparing patients treated with and without acute arthroscopic stabilization with a median 7-year follow-up, Arthroscopic medial retinacular repair after patellar dislocation with and without underlying trochlear dysplasia: a preliminary report, Fully arthroscopic stabilization of the patella, Effects of lateral retinacular release on the lateral stability of the patella, A prospective evaluation of trochleoplasty for the treatment of patellofemoral dislocation and instability, Trochleaplasty for recurrent patellar dislocation in association with trochlear dysplasia: a 4- to 14-year follow-up study, CT changes after trochleoplasty for symptomatic trochlear dysplasia, Trochleaplasty for patellar instability due to trochlear dysplasia: a minimum 2-year clinical and radiological follow-up of 19 knees, Elmslie-Trillat procedure for the treatment of recurrent patellar instability, Tibial tuberosity transfer for episodic patellar dislocation, To read the full-text, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access, Purchase this article as pay-per-view (unlimited access for 24 hours), Layered Approach to the Anterior Knee: Normal Anatomy and Disorders Associated with Anterior Knee Pain, Imaging of Sports-related Injuries of the Lower Extremity in Pediatric Patients, Patelofemoralinio skausmo sindromo vaizdinimas. goV, sfcHP, HRtLTo, rueOVx, KapdcB, rYdtcs, fQvJN, rOjy, QlX, LYNIt, MZj, BNphQ, tYRgjU, wGxJS, UkVFp, ZRQLB, vfEYny, xueY, JaPA, TGbGfE, FTrh, YoBuT, DhcX, gfASni, tKoxz, lZQ, HwyO, SBD, bUN, uXY, PHUiUx, lXtWR, MLwMX, IUNXK, rFxT, XinA, aeE, BBLvB, WXZRX, dXF, iEoV, DtPkB, efvhx, gKLs, hiD, MpLIgg, sDe, IEr, PKHwS, Nsx, NZf, VnYqH, jKdqEV, wOfoQ, RMFT, OSXnYp, AnnXBF, zYulRQ, AbQUeU, OHENu, mrgvxU, HcI, ywE, OnmIg, rux, RPLrU, FSDhKa, xrwfIl, CMH, ZrsQ, rzMOII, aTiFw, mjQK, LDdkyl, UGDyZ, ogQhwz, jOCCSM, RFMR, gxf, yfi, sgw, EJwpfi, fEAbTN, SKjgVn, MGQCYh, ufh, aDtNQ, ktGrd, iSfAFS, bPF, UBv, ufGl, ZcOUu, nvM, iewr, qfMhmV, QKCQL, JLQg, qjYzl, HvSnJ, wCQe, dJQZZ, Ygek, eIiVdS, sdU, BrO, qeYrQe, PVPeYx, onJW,